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Mr Kipling's chief triumphs have been gained by his poems. The best of these, such as, to take only two examples, 'The Ballad of East and West' and 'The Recessional,' reach a very high level indeed. In the 'Ballad' is to be found that union of fiery descriptive power with nobility of feeling and an artfully simple metrical dexterity which stamps all great ballads. The subject fortunately forbade that overwrought attention to its technical details which is a mark of some of Mr Kipling's pieces both in verse and prose; but there is, on the contrary, a downright and straightforward narration of a heroic and knightly incident which makes its appeal to the reader without any adventitious trickery. No doubt many of Mr Kipling's pieces in verse, notably the Barrack Room Ballads, with their coarse dialect jargon and their almost affected brutality of sentiment, are destined merely to a passing popularity. Of many of his other pieces, too, it may be said that the strenuous and often aggressive patriot has submerged the poet; but if he be judged by the best of his work in poetry, it may be affirmed that amongst writers of the day he is unsurpassed for vigour of diction combined with an imaginative power that holds the reader in its spell even when the subject dealt with by the poet is most terrible and distressing.

RUDOLF C. LEHMANN.

Stephen Phillips, born at Somerton near Oxford in 1868, is the son of an English clergyman, and was educated at the Grammar Schools of Stratford and of Peterborough, where his father was Precentor of the Cathedral. After studying a while for the Civil Service, he went on the stage, playing parts of all kinds in Benson's Company, and subsequently became an army tutor. Finally he turned to literature, and in 1897 drew critical notice by his striking poem Christ in Hades, afterwards included in the volume of Poems published in the same year, which was 'crowned' by the Academy journal. In 1899 appeared the first of three poetical dramas, Paolo and Francesca, followed by Herod (1900) and Ulysses (1902). The author's theatrical experience helped, with their own dramatic and poetic merit, to secure success on the stage for each of these plays, and especially for the last. As a poet Mr Phillips is admitted by the best critics to have true and high poetic endowment, with a real gift for epigrammatic and memorable lines.

William Butler Yeats, born in Dublin in 1865, of Anglo-Irish parentage, has steeped his imagination in the legend and myth of the Irish Celt, and it has been apparently the chief ambition of his maturer years to give reality to that conception of an individual Irish literature, divorced from English influences, which has inspired the movement of which the Irish Literary Society and the Irish Literary Theatre are the organised champions. Yet it may be doubted whether the Ideas of Good and Evil (1903), over which he has

brooded in The Celtic Twilight (1902), in which he loves to sit, are really Irish ideas, or whether his art is as Celtic as he supposes. Certainly, in spite of his 'Cathleens' and 'Maires,' his 'Finns' and 'Brans,' one may read the latest and most carefully revised edition of his Poems without finding any very direct evidences of a distinctively Celtic imagination. Mr Yeats was born with a delight in the vague, the mystical, and the unreal. These are poetical qualities; but they are not the peculiar characteristic of Irish folklore any more than they are the peculiar characteristic of the Scandinavian sagas. In every race and in every literature, if you go back to the primitive myth and unrecorded tradition, you go back to the vague, the mystical, and the unreal. If the past be but remote enough, even realities become unreal, and action no more than a dream. Whatever his tongue, the bard or story-teller can only speak of 'old, unhappy, far-off things, and battles long ago.' Mr Yeats is a poet of imagination, and he has found in the realm of Celtic myth, which Ferguson was the first to explore, material which mates with his fancy. But to speak of his verse or of his prose tales-charming as many of the latter are as an interpretation of Irish character is to profoundly misinterpret that character. It is characteristic of Mr Yeats's delight in dreams and shadows that the poet who has most attracted and influenced him is William Blake, whose works he edited in 1892 in conjunction with Mr E. J. Ellis.

It is nineteen years since Mr Yeats, then a lad of nineteen, first appeared in print in the pages of the Dublin University Review. Since then, though he has published many volumes, he has written comparatively little verse. He is to be commended for the restraint he has exercised, and the fastidiousness with which he has pruned his poems. Though he has published since 1888 several volumes of poetry, the collected edition, which contains all of his published poetry which he cares to preserve,' is still of modest size. As an interpreter of Celtic myth and tradition, and an exponent of the Celtic influences in literature, Mr Yeats takes himself, as we have seen, very seriously. Every one may not take the same view of his mission that he does himself. But no one can doubt that he is a poet. When he is least selfconscious Mr Yeats can fulfil with real charm of manner and of language one of the highest functions of a poet, that of expressing in the language of the imagination the dimly realised feelings of less gifted persons. If he can give the world more of such poetry as the lyric in which he has sung for every prisoned toiler in the smoke of cities the haunting charm of nature's lonely solitudes, the world will forgive him readily enough for many affectations:

I will arise and go now, for always night and day

I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep heart's core.

COMPLEMENTARY LIST

OF RECENT AND CONTEMPORARY BRITISH AUTHORS, IN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF LITERATURE.

George Long (1800-79), sometime professor in University College, London, edited the Penny Cyclopædia, contributed much to Smith's Classical Dictionaries, and was an accomplished translator and commentator on classical texts.

John Colquhoun (1805-85), army officer, wrote The Moor and the Loch, Rocks and Rivers, Salmon Casts, and Sporting Days.

Charles George William St John (1809-56), for a while a clerk in the Treasury, wrote Wild Sports of the Highlands and valuable Note-books on sport and natural history.

John Bright (1811-89) wrote little directly for publication, though he contributed a few prefatory notes to other people's works, and was co-editor with Thorold Rogers of Cobden's speeches. His own Speeches on Questions of Public Policy, which may fairly claim to rank as literature, were published in 1868 (new ed. 1878); his Public Addresses in 1879; and his Public Letters in 1885. Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy (1812-78), professor in London University and then Chief-Justice of Ceylon, wrote The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. William George Ward (1812-82), Fellow and tutor of Balliol, became a Tractarian, and wrote The Ideal of a Christian Church, whence he became known as 'Ideal Ward;' becoming Roman Catholic, he edited the Dublin Review, and maintained Papal infallibility against liberalism in theology. Edward Forbes (1815-54), Professor of Natural History

at Edinburgh, published more than two hundred works or papers on various departments of zoology and paleontology.

George Jacob Holyoake (b. 1817) has written many books on the history of co-operation and on secularism (of which he was the foremost exponent), as well as the autobiographical Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life.

John Campbell Shairp (1819-85), Principal of St Andrews University and Professor of Poetry at Oxford, was a poet and accomplished critic, amongst his works being Kilmahoe, Studies in Poetry and Philosophy, Culture and Religion, Aspects of Poetry, and a small book on Burns. Alexander Campbell Fraser (b. 1819), at first a Free Church minister, and for thirty-five years Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Edinburgh, published the great edition of Berkeley's works with notes and life, as also of Locke's Essay, with smaller books on Berkeley and Locke, and defended theism in his Gifford Lectures.

Francis Galton (b. 1822), traveller and anthropologist, has by a long life of patient research made himself

the supreme authority on all that concerns heredity in man, amongst his books being Tropical South Africa, Hereditary Genius (1869), English Men of Science-their Nature and Nurture, Human Faculty, Natural Inheritance, as well as an important work on Finger Prints and a Fingerprint Directory. Sir Edward Bruce Hamley (1824-93), LieutenantGeneral and Commandant of the Staff College, contributed to Blackwood and Fraser, and, besides books. on wars and campaigns, wrote on Voltaire, on Shakespeare's Funeral, and Lady Lee's Widowhood. Lord Kelvin (b. 1824), long known as Sir William Thomson, the most eminent mathematician and physicist of his time, has published not merely innumerable Mathematical and Physical Papers, but also three volumes of Popular Lectures and Addresses. Augustus Jessopp (b. 1824), rector of Scarning, has written much on local and ecclesiastical history, Arcady and The Coming of the Friars amongst many other books.

Sir William Huggins (b. 1824) has, as an astronomer directing his own private observatory, made himself a supreme authority on spectroscopic astronomy, and has contributed largely to the Transactions of the learned societies.

George Bruce Malleson (1825-98), colonel, wrote books on the French in India, on the Indian Mutiny, and other periods of military history.

Frederick James Furnivall, born in 1825, has given a great impulse to the scholarly study of English literature by over a hundred works he has published, largely annotated editions of old English texts for the learned societies of which he has been an impor tant member.

Lord Dufferin (1826-1902), statesman and orator, was author of Letters from High Latitudes, first published in 1859. And see page 385.

St George Mivart (1827-1900), Professor of Zoology at the Roman Catholic College of Kensington, wrote The Genesis of Species and other works from the standpoint of a sincere evolutionist save as regards mind, but an opponent of natural selection; and was for his eschatological views ultimately debarred from the sacraments of his Church,

Simon Somerville Laurie (b. 1829), from 1876 till 1902 Professor of Education at Edinburgh, has published a Life of Comenius; works on the institutes of education, on the history of mediæval education, on the philosophy of ethics, and on British theories of morals; and as 'Scotus Novanticus,' Metaphysica Nova et Vetusta and Ethica.

William Michael Rossetti (b. 1829), editor of the famous Pre-Raphaelite Germ in 1850, has written much on

Sir

his father, his brother and sister, and on the PreRaphaelites; produced a Life of Keats; and edited many of the English poets, including Shelley, Blake, and the series of 'Moxon's Popular Poets.'

Mountstuart

Grant Duff (b. 1829) has published, besides political speeches and miscellanies, Studies in European Politics, books on Sir Henry Maine, M. Renan, and Lord de Tabley, and four series of Notes from a Diary. Stanley Leathes (1830-90), Prebendary of St Paul's,

was Boyle lecturer, Hulsean lecturer, and author of many conservative theological works.

George Tomkins Chesney (1830-95), general and member of the Council of the Viceroy of India, wrote, besides The Battle of Dorking, The Private Secretary and The Lesters. Joseph Parker (1830-1902), preacher at the City Temple in London, was a copious and popular theological writer.

Hamilton Aïdé (b. 1830) has written poems, novels, and plays, among his recent works being Jane Treachel, The Snares of the World, and We are Seven (1902). John Knox Laughton (b. 1830), Professor of Modern

History at University College, London, is an authority on the science of navigation and on naval history, his books on Nelson, on Nelson and his Companions, and on Sea Fights and Adventures being among the most popular; his Life of Sir Henry Reeve is his most important work on other than nautical themes.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79), Professor of Physics at Cambridge, was one of the most creative thinkers on electricity and magnetism, produced epochmaking books and papers on these and other branches of physical science, and was a brilliant letter-writer.

Edward Spencer Beesly (b. 1831), formerly a professor of University College, London, wrote what he thought a fairer estimate than heretofore of Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius, and a book on Queen Elizabeth, and was one of the translators of Comte's Positive Polity.

George Manville Fenn (b. 1831) has produced about a hundred novels and boys' stories, including The Parson o' Durnford, The Silver Salvers, The Canker Worm, Black Shadows (1902).

George Alfred Henty (1832-1903), journalist and novelist, was author of eighty books for boys; Colonel Thorndyke's Secret being one of his later novels. Lord Roberts (b. 1832), a distinguished soldier, fieldmarshal, and commander-in-chief, is a successful author in virtue of his Rise of Wellington and Forty-one Years in India.

Thomas Fowler (b. 1832), President of Corpus Christi,

Oxford, has written manuals of deductive and inductive logic, books on the principles of morals, and works on Locke, on Bacon, on Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, besides two histories of his own college. Henry Fawcett (1833-84), Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge and M.P., is best known for his Manual of Political Economy, largely a popular exposition of Mill, and a book on Protection and Free Trade.

Richard Watson Dixon (1833-1900), vicar of Warkworth and honorary canon of Carlisle, published seven volumes of poetry, but is remembered as

author of a scholarly History of the Church of England in the Reformation period.

Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1834-94) wrote A Painter's Camp in the Highlands, Etchers and Etching, The Graphic Arts, Landscape, two Lives of Turner, and books on The Intellectual Life, on Human Intercourse, and on French and English.

George Du Maurier (1834-96), artist and Punch illustrator, was author of Peter Ibbetson, Trilby (1894), and The Martian (1897).

William Westall (1834-1903), originally a business man, then journalist and novelist, published Larry Lohengrin in 1879, The Old Factory in 1881; Strange Crimes, A New Bridal, Her Ladyship's Secret, The Sacred Crescents, are but a few of his many stories. James Bass Mullinger (b. 1834), University Lecturer on History at Cambridge, is author of the great history of his university and of one of St John's College, of books on the ancient African Church and on The Schools of Charles the Great, and, with Dr S. R. Gardiner, of an Introduction to English History.

Philip Stanhope Worsley (1835-66) was the author of verse translations of the Odyssey and twelve books of the Iliad.

George Birkbeck Hill (1835-1903), at one time headmaster of a school at Tottenham, wrote Dr Johnson, his Friends and his Critics, and produced the masterly (but over-annotated) Oxford edition of Boswell's Johnson; besides editing and writing much in the way of Johnsoniana, as well as editing Hume's and Boswell's letters.

Paul Belloni Du Chaillu (1835-1903) discovered the gorilla, recorded his Adventures in Equatorial Africa (1861), wrote several books on African experiences and African subjects, and produced books on Sweden and on the Viking Age.

Sir Archibald Gefkie (b. 1835) is not merely a very distinguished geologist, but an accomplished writer on his science, his Lives of J. D. Forbes, Sir Roderick Murchison, and Sir A. C. Ramsay, as well as his book on The Founders of Geology, taking a permanent place in biographical literature.

Walter William Skeat (b. 1835), Professor of AngloSaxon in Cambridge, has by some sixty works done more than any scholar to the knowledge of Middle English and English philology generally; his edition of Chaucer and his Etymological English Dictionary his most famous works.

Sir Norman Lockyer (b. 1836), Director of the Solar Physics Observatory at South Kensington, has written innumerable works on astronomy, solar physics, and spectrum analysis, some of his bestknown books being Star Gazing Past and Present, The Chemistry of the Sun, Earth Movements, The Meteoritic Hypothesis, The Dawn of Astronomy. John Wesley Hales (b. 1836), Professor of English at King's College, London, has written Shakespeare Essays and edited Percy's Folio MS.

Oscar Browning (b. 1837), Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, has produced The Netherlands in the Sixteenth Century, A History of England (4 vols.), The Flight to Varennes, books on the Guelphs and Ghibellines and the Condottieri, and Lives of Goethe, Dante, Peter the Great, Charles XII., and George Eliot.

James Augustus Henry Murray (b. 1837) wrote on Scottish dialects, and from 1879 was chief editor of the Philological Society's New English Dictionary, by far the most important work that has been done in English lexicography. Adolphus William Ward (b. 1837), professor and

principal at Owens College, wrote a History of Dramatic Literature, Chaucer and Dickens in the

Men of Letters' series, and The Electress Sophia (1903) in the Goupil Series. James Albery (1838–89), dramatic author, produced his

first successful adaptation (Dr Davy) in 1866; his best-known plays being Two Roses, Forgiven, and Oriana.

James Dykes Campbell (1838-95), merchant at Glasgow and in Mauritius, is memorable as biographer and editor of Coleridge, and for his accurate and scholarly knowledge of the literary history of Wordsworth's period.

Henry Sidgwick (1838-1900), Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge, wrote the Methods of Ethics, Principles of Political Economy, Outlines of a History of Ethics, Elements of Politics, The Development of European Polity.

Archibald Forbes (1838-1900), special correspondent of the Daily News, was especially eminent as a war correspondent.

Robert Flint (b. 1838), for quarter of a century Professor

of Divinity at Edinburgh, published the first volume of his great History of the Philosophy of History in 1874 (revised in 1894 as Historical Philosophy in France and Switzerland), and has also written on theism, anti-theistic theories, and socialism. Sir William Francis Butler (b. 1838), general and K.C.B., wrote much on British North AmericaThe Great Lone Land, The Wild North Land-and Lives of Sir Charles Napier, General Gordon, and General Colley.

Andrew Martin Fairbairn (b. 1838), Congregationalist

minister and Principal of Mansfield College at Oxford, is author of Studies in Religion and Philosophy (1876), The City of God, Christ in Modern Theology, The Philosophy of the Christian Religion. Sir Spencer Walpole (b. 1839), who was Secretary to the General Post-Office, wrote A History of England from 1815, Lives of Spencer Perceval and Earl Russell, and more than one volume in the 'English Citizen Series.' William Samuel Lilly (b. 1840), barrister and secretary to the Catholic Union, has in The Great Enigma, The Claims of Christianity, and a dozen other works defended orthodoxy from Darwinism and other modern heresies.

Richard Whiteing (b. 1840), journalist and novelist, is best known as author of No. 5 John Street, The Democracy, The Island, The Yellow Van (1903). Sir Robert Stawell Ball (b. 1840), Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge, is an eloquent expositor of his science, and in The Story of the Heavens, Starland, The Story of the Sun, and Great Astronomers has appealed to a very wide audience.

Edward Whymper (b. 1840), eminent as an artist, is perhaps equally well known as traveller and mountaineer, his Scrambles among the Alps, Travels among the Great Andes, Chamonix and Mont Blanc, and Zermatt and the Matterhorn being amongst the classics of climbers.

Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb (b. 1841), Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge, besides editions, translations, and commentaries on the classics (notably on Sophocles), has published a monograph on Bentley in the Men of Letters' series, and a work on modern Greece.

Sir Henry Morton Stanley (b. 1841), African traveller and member of Parliament, found Livingstone' in the service of the New York Herald, and recorded his adventures on that expedition; other works being on The Congo and its Free State, Coomassie and Magdala, In Darkest Africa, and Through the Dark Continent.

Thomas Kelly Cheyne (b. 1841), Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Scripture at Oxford and Canon of Rochester, is a very eminent Old Testament critic; has written much on Isaiah, Psalms, and other books of the Bible; and was editor-in-chief of the Encyclo pædia Biblica (4 vols. 1899-1903).

Harry Buxton Forman (b. 1842), assistant-secretary of the General Post-Office, edited Keats and Shelley, and has written about them and other poets, as weli as on bibliographical subjects.

Sir Thomas Wemyss Reid (b. 1842), first editor of the Speaker, has written, besides novels and a book on contemporary politicians, Lives of Charlotte Bronte, of Mr Forster, of Lord Houghton, of Lord Playfair, of William Black, and of Mr Gladstone. Evelyn Abbott (1843-1901), tutor of Balliol, wrote a History of Greece, and was one of the authors of the Life of Jowett.

Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke (b. 1843), M.P., has written Greater Britain, The Problems of Greater Britain, and books on European politics and the army question. Frederick William Orde Ward (b. 1843), rector of Nuffield in Oxfordshire till 1897, has as F. Harald Williams' published Women Must Weep and seven other volumes of verse.

James Ward (b. 1843), Professor of Mental Philosophy at Cambridge, is best known as author of Naturalism and Agnosticism (1899).

Frederick Wedmore (b. 1844) is author of Studies in English Art, Pastorals of France, Four Masters of Etching, Etching in England, and other works on art, a Life of Balzac, and a book on Méryon. John A. Doyle (b. 1844), Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, has written on The American Colonies and The English in America, besides a school history of the United States, and edited Miss Ferrier's Letters. William Kingdon Clifford (1845-79), Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics at University College, London, was author of Elements of Dynamics, The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences, Seeing and Thinking, besides mathematical papers and lectures and essays on various topics.

James Ashcroft Noble (1845-96), journalist and critic, published poems and a book on The Sonnet in England and other Essays.

Sir Frederick Pollock (b. 1845), Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford, has written, besides various handbooks on law subjects, A History of English Law (with Professor Maitland), Essays in Jurispru dence and Ethics, an introduction to the history of politics, books on Spinoza and on mountaineering, and (with another) The Etchingham Letters.

Sir Herbert Maxwell (b. 1845) has written largely for the magazines; produced novels, books on local history, topography, and place names; works on fishing and natural phenomena, as well as a Life of the Duke of Wellington and a history of the House

of Douglas. Archibald Henry Sayce (b. 1846), Professor of Assyriology at Oxford, is distinguished also as an Egyptologist, Hebraist, Old Testament scholar, and philologist, amongst his works being Comparative Philology, The Science of Language, The Hittites, The Higher Criticism, and a famous book on Herodotos. William Edward Norris (b. 1846) published Heaps of Money (1877), My Friend Jim, The Rogue, The Widower, The Flower of the Flock, The Credit of the Country, and other novels.

Sir Henry Craik (b. 1846), Secretary of the Scottish Education Department, edited English prose selections and selections from Swift, and besides a book on the State and education, wrote a Life of Swift (1882) and A Century of Scottish History (1901). Ernest Hartley Coleridge (b. 1846), son of S. T. C.'s son Derwent, has edited his grandfather's letters, selections from his note-books called Anima Poeta, and the final edition of Byron's Poetical Works (6 vols. 1898-1902); and he contributed the article on Coleridge to the present work. Francis Herbert Bradley (b. 1846), Fellow of Merton, Oxford, has written on ethics, logic, and metaphysics -his chief book being Appearance and Reality. Arthur S. Way (b. 1847), translator in verse of the Odyssey, part of the Iliad, of Euripides, and of the Epodes of Horace.

The Earl of Rosebery (b. 1847), statesman and orator, has published books on Pitt, Sir Robert Peel, and the later Life of Napoleon. David Christie Murray (b. 1847), novelist and play

wright, has published since A Life's Atonement (1880), Joseph's Coat (1881), and Val Strange (1882), some thirty other novels. Major Martin Hume (b. 1847), of the Record Office, has edited the Calendar of Spanish Papers and the Chronicle of Henry VIII., produced several longer and shorter histories of Spain and the Spanish people, and written books on The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth and The Year after the Armada, as well as Lives of Raleigh, Lord Burghley, and Philip II. of Spain. George John Romanes (1848-94), in his later years less and less an agnostic, wrote on Organic Evolution, Mental Evolution in Animals, Darwin and after Darwin, Thoughts on Religion.

Arthur James Balfour (b. 1848), Prime Minister, has
written on Philosophic Doubt and on The Founda-
tions of Belief, besides publishing essays and ad-
dresses on ethical, political, and financial questions.
George Walter Prothero (b. 1848), editor of the Quar-
terly Review, and formerly Professor of History
at Edinburgh, has written The Life and Times of
Simon de Montfort, a memoir of Henry Bradshaw,
a British History Reader, and other works.
William Francis Barry (b. 1849), rector of a Roman

Catholic church at Dorchester in Oxfordshire, has
written The New Antigone, The Place of Dreams,
The Two Standards, Arden Massiter, The Wizard's
Knot, The Dayspring, and other novels.

Joseph William Comyns Carr (b. 1849), art critic and

dramatist, has written many books, essays, and papers on art, and is author of the plays The United Pair, The Naturalist, The Friar, Forgiveness, King Arthur.

Philip Stewart Robinson (b. 1849), journalist, wrote In my Indian Garden, Under the Punkah, The Poets' Birds, and The Poets' Beasts.

Edward Arber, Emeritus Professor of English Literature in Birmingham University, had by 1903 edited in English Reprints and elsewhere 25,000 pages of English books.

Andrew Cecil Bradley, since 1901 Professor of Poetry at Oxford, published his lecture on Poetry for Poetry's Sake (1901) and a commentary on In Memoriam (1901); and he contributed the article on Keats to this work.

Arthur Henry Bullen, son of the Keeper of Printed Books in the British Museum, had, before he became a partner in the publishing house of Lawrence & Bullen, begun the series of scholarly reprints (Carols and Poems from 15th Century, 1884; Lyrics from Elizabethan Song Books, 1886; Lyrics from the Elizabethan Age, 1891) with which his name is identified; he contributed the essay on Restoration Literature to the first volume of this work. Frederic William Maitland (b. 1850), Professor of English Law at Cambridge, has written, with Sir Frederick Pollock, A History of English Law, besides books on canon law in England, on Domesday Book, and on political theories in the Middle Ages. Silas Kitto Hocking (b. 1850), minister of the Methodist Free Church and novelist, published between 1878 and 1903 some thirty novels, Alec Greene the first, and Gripped one of the last.

Joseph Hocking, a younger brother, is also minister of religion and novelist, having between Jabez Easterbrook in 1891 and O'er Moor and Fen produced more than a dozen novels.

Robert Barr (b. 1850), editor of the Idler and novelist, has written The Face and the Mask, The Strong Arm, The Unchanging East.

R. C. Carton is the nom de guerre of Richard Claude

Critchett, who from 1875 was a conspicuous actor, and has since become eminent as a dramatic author, amongst his plays being Sunlight and Shadow, Liberty Hall, The Home Secretary, Wheels within Wheels, and The Under Current.

John Watson (b. 1850), minister of the Presbyterian Church in England at Sefton Park, Liverpool, is better known by his literary pseudonym of 'Ian Maclaren,' and as author of Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush (1894), The Days of Auld Lang Syne (1895), Kate Carnegie (1896), A Doctor of the Old School (1897), and Rabbi Saunderson (1898).

Augustine Birrell (b. 1850), barrister, member of Parliament, and Professor of Law in University College, London, has written a Life of Charlotte Brontë and a book on Hazlitt, besides Obiter Dicta, Res Judicata, law-books, and essays.

Walter Herries Pollock (b. 1850), barrister and sometime editor of the Saturday Review, published The Modern French Theatre, Lectures on the French Poets, A Nine Men's Morrice, King Zub, a book on Jane Austen and her contemporaries, a treatise on Fencing, and several plays in collaboration with Sir Walter Besant.

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