have come." They are, moreover, used substantively, like adjectives followed by postpositions, thus: Hito no kitareru wo mite, lit., "seeing the having come of people," i.e., "seeing that people had come."

112. What obscures this threefold distinction and thereby perplexes the beginner is the fact that some of the tenses which are capable of being used both as conclusives and as attributives have but one inflection to perform the two functions, as see yuku, § 1186. Furthermore, the modern colloquial of Tokyo has dropped all distinctively conclusive forms, thereby introducing a second element of confusion for those who acquire the colloquial before commencing the study of the written language. The student acquainted with the colloquial should specially note that the written language has no such forms in the present tense of verbs of the second and third conjugations as homeru, ireru, or sugiru. These are replaced, according to circumstances, by

113. When there are two verbs derived from the same stem, such as iru, "to go in," and iruru (colloquial ireru), "to put in," one belonging to the first conjugation, and the other to the second, the conclusive form of the present tense is therefore identical in both. Thus iru, at the end of a sentence, may signify either "goes in" or "put in," according to circumstances. In the case of the attributive form there is no ambiguity, as it is iru, "goes in," in the first conjugation, and iruru, "puts in," in the second.

114. Note that the attributive form serves to take the place of the relative pronoun in Japanese. The way their absence is provided for may be seen by the foregoing example of kitareru and by the following: yukishi hito, "the person who went" (lit., "the went person"), and shiru-beki koto, "a thing which should be known" (lit., "a should-be-known thing").

115. As seen by these examples, the verb or adjective of the relative clause must be put in the attributive form. If there are several relative clauses, then only the verb or adjective of the last clause takes the attributive form, all the preceding clauses having the verb or adjective in the indefinite form.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

116. All the inflections are added to the stem, which is itself invariable. Some of the inflections consist of a single vowel, whose original meaning is obscure, as in yuki, yuku, yuke. But by far the greater number are obtained by agglutinating fragments of old auxiliary verbs, and in some few cases particles, postpositions, and adjectives, to the single vowel forms; thus: yukiki, yuki-tari, yuku-beshi, yukeba (§ 102).

117. There are four regular conjugations of Japanese verbs. a) To the first conjugation belong the great majority of true, underived verbs.

b) In the second conjugation the number of true verbs is small. c) The verbs belonging to the third conjugation are also few

in number and little used.

d) The fourth conjugation consists of the following ten dissyllabic verbs only:

hiru, "to dry in the sun"

hiru, "to winnow"

hiru, "to sneeze”

iru, "to shoot with a bow and arrow"

iru, "to fuse or cast metal"

iru, "to dwell"

kiru, "to wear," "to put on," "to have on”

miru, "to look," "to see"

niru, "to resemble"

niru, "to boil”

Kaerimiru, "to look back," "to consider," follows miru from which it is compounded. Kokoromuru (colloquial kokoromiru), "to test," though also derived from miru, follows the third conjugation.

FIRST REGULAR CONJUGATION

118. Verb, yuku, "to go" (stem yuk), active affirmative voice.

FIRST REGULAR CONJUGATION

119. Verb, yuku, "to go" (stem yuk), active affirmative voice -continued.

Indicative

POTENTIAL FORMS

a) Indefinite Form........yuku-beku

b) Present: Conclusive....yuku-beshi*.

Attributive..

c) Past: Conclusive.......yuku-bekariki.

Attributive....

Oblique

d) Conditional.

e) Hypothetical.......

f) Actual Concessive...

yuku-beki

... (I, etc.) will, shall, would, should, may, might, can,

could, must, or ought to go

(I, etc.) should, etc., have

yuku-bekarishi

gone

yuku-bekereba.

as, since (I, etc.) should, etc., go

yuku-beku(m)ba.......... if (I, etc.) should, etc., go

yuku-bekeredomo

yuku-beshi to iedomo

though (I, etc.) should, etc.,

go

g) Hypothetical Concessive yuku-beku mo. . . . . . . . even if (I, etc.) should, etc.,

yuki-taku(m)ba . . . . . . . . . . if (I, etc.) want to go

yuki-takeredomo......... though (I, etc.) want to go

........yuki-keredomo........... though (I, etc.) went, have

FIRST REGULAR CONJUGATION

120. Verb, yuku, "to go" (stem yuk), active negative voice.

f) Present Hypothetical...yukazu(m)ba.......... if (I, etc.) do not go g) Past Hypothetical......yukazariseba. ...... if (I, etc.) had not gone

Concessive..........yukazaru mo.............even if (I, etc.) do not go

j) Past Concessive. . . . . . . . yukazarishikadomo.......though (I, etc.) did not go,

yukazarishi to iedomo

have not gone, or had not

yukazarishi naredomo

gone

yukazarishi mo

k) Imperative............yukazare................ go not, do not go!

Form...............yukazarashimuru (§ 204) . . (I, etc.) cause (some person)