Climax, or Amplification, a series of ideas rising in strength:

'Still in that breast thy country held her throne,
Thy hope, thy prayer, thy fear, were hers alone,
Thy last faint effort hers, and hers thy parting groan.'
'What man-what hero-what god?'

Anticlimax, the reverse of Climax, when the ideas become less striking at the close. It is generally used to produce a ridiculous effect:

In the name of the prophet-figs!'

'And thou, Dalhousie, the great god of war,
Lieutenant-General to the Earl of Mar.'

Litotes expresses less than is meant, the rest being implied: 'This is not altogether the safest road by which you could travel.' 'Chicken are bad gardeners.'

Antonomasia puts a proper for a common name, or vice versa, as when a patriot is called a Hampden:

'Some village Hampden, who with dauntless breast.' Catachresis is the use of a word in a new sense.

Anadiplosis, or Reduplication, the repeating the same word: 'Arm, arm, ye heavens, against these perjured kings.'

The above are sometimes called Figures of Rhetoric; and under the head of Figures of Speech there are also classed Figures of Syntax and Figures of Orthography.

The Figures of Syntax are:

Ellipsis, the omission of a word:

'One sun by day, by night ten thousand (suns) shine.' 'He lives near St. Paul's (church).'

'The man (whom) you esteem most.'

"This (being) done, proceed.'

Pleonasm, the use of superfluous words:

'The deck it was their field of fame.'

'First of all, see if it rains.'

Enallage is the use of one part of speech for another.

Hyperbaton is the transposition of words:

'Stands Scotland where it did?'

'Great is Diana of the Ephesians.'

The Figures of Orthography are:

Aphaeresis, cutting off a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word, as 'gins, 'gainst, 'tis :

"Gins to pale his ineffectual fire.'

Prothesis, adding a letter or syllable to the beginning of a word; as, disannul, unloose, arise, entreat.

Syncope, cutting out a letter or syllable from the middle of a word; as, lov'd, se'nnight.

Apocope, cutting off a letter or syllable from the end of a word:

'Like a worm i' the bud.'

6 Whether to deck with clouds th' uncoloured sky.'

Diaeresis, the separation of two vowels which would otherwise form one sound; as, zoölogy, aëronaut.

Synaeresis, the contraction of two vowels or syllables into one. This occurs in Greek, but not often in English.

Tmesis, the division of a compound word into two, by inserting a word between; as, 'to-God-ward.' It is uncommon in English.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

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1. A Treatise on Natural Philosophy. Volume I. By Sir W. THOMSON, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, and P. G. TAIT, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh; formerly Fellows of St. Peter's College, Cambridge. (Demy 8vo., cloth, price 258.)

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By P. G. TAIT, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh; formerly Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge. (Demy 8vo., price 12s. 6d.)

"We are of opinion that Professor Tait has succeeded in producing a really simple exposition of the principles and application of Quaternions. The Delegates of the Oxford Press are, we think, doing a great service to mathematical students by the publication of such works as this."-Educational Times.

3. Descriptive Astronomy. A Handbook for

the General Reader, and also for practical Observatory work. With 224 illustrations and numerous tables. By G. F. CHAMBERS, F. R. A. S., Barrister-at-Law. (Demy 8vo., cloth, 856 pp., price 218.)

The aim of this work, briefly expressed, is general usefulness, whether in the hands of the student, the general reader, or the pro

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fessional observer. Great pains have been taken to present the latest information on all branches of the science. The development of Astronomy is now so rapid that unless an author exercises constant vigilance his book must fall behindhand: and it is believed that this volume not only contains the most recent discoveries and deductions, but that in it will also be found information hitherto to be met with only in the publications of learned Societies, difficult of access and inconvenient for reference even to the Astronomer, and absolutely out of the reach of the general reader.

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4. Chemistry for Students. By A. W.WILLIAMSON, Phil. Doc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University College, London. (Ext. fcap. 8vo., cloth, price 7s. 6d.)

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Also Solutions of the Problems in "Chemistry for Students." By the same Author. (Ext. fcap. 8vo., sewed, price 6d.) "Within less than four hundred pages of a handy little volume, in type not fatiguing to the eye, Professor Williamson here gives to the student an outline of the leading facts and principles of inorganic and organic chemistry. * * This volume is really a too rare example of what a good elementary text-book in any science ought to be: the language brief, simple, exact; the arrangement logical, developing in lucid order principles from facts, and keeping theory always dependent upon observation; a book that keeps the reason of the student active while he strives to master details difficult but never without interest, and that furnishes him with means for practising himself in the right management of each new tool of knowledge that is given to him for his use."-Examiner.

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6. Greek Verbs, Irregular and Defective; their forms, meaning, and quantity; embracing all the Tenses used by Greek writers, with references to the passages in which they are found. By W. VEITCH. New and revised edition. (Ext. fcap. 8vo., cloth, 616 pp., price 8s. 6d.)

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