(b) Changes of s, 330.

(i) s=s, ib.

(ii) s=r, 332. Old Italian z, 333.

(iii) s is lost, ib.

(c) Changes of v, ib.

(i) v=u, ib.

(ii) v is lost, ib. V not=m, 334.

4. Changes of the Aspirates in Latin, 336–342.

The Latin aspirate ƒ, 336. F represents original вн and

DH at the beginning of a word, 337; sometimes even

GH, ib. The h was commonly dropped in the middle

of a word, 338. Changes of GH, 339. The aspirates

when initial pass into breaths, when medial into soft

letters, 340. Explanation of the appearance of the soft

letters, ib.

II. Loss, 342—356.

1. Loss of aspiration in Greek, 342. This loss only sporadic

in Greek though regular in Latin, 343.

2. Loss of one or more out of a group of consonants, 344.

Possible origin of these groups, ib.

(i) Initial loss; principally of s and v both in Greek

and Latin, 345. Further loss in Latin, 348.

Loss of initial c when standing alone, 349.

(ii) Medial loss; hardly found in Greek, ib.; com-

mon and irregularly in Latin, 350.

(iii) Final loss, 351. Monotony of consonantal ter-

minations in Greek, 352. The v ¿peλкvσtɩKOV,

353. Greater range in Latin, 354. Loss of final

s, 355. Loss of final m, ib. Loss of final t, 356.

III. Assimilation, 357–378.

1. The Greek Aspirates, 357-362.

Pronunciation of the Greek Aspirates, 357. Probably they

were not sounded as spirants, 358. Arguments to

prove they were really aspirate-sounds, 359. Slight

variations in use, 362.

2. General rules of Assimilation in Greek, 362–371.

A. Complete Assimilation, 363,

(i) Assimilation of the first sound, ib.

(ii) Assimilation of the second sound, ib.

There is no such

(iii) Modification of both sounds where the first is

a hard guttural or dental, 364.

change of a labial, 367.

guttural or dental, ib.

B. Incomplete Assimilation, 369.

(i) Euphonic changes, ib.

(ii) Changes caused by nasals, ib.

(iii) Changes of nasals, 370,

(iv) Change of 7 to σ, ib.

(v) Changes of v, ib.

(vi) Other exceptional forms, ib.

Change of a soft

3. General rules of Assimilation in Latin, 372, ·

A. Complete Assimilation, ib.

(i) Assimilation of the first letter, ib.

(ii) Assimilation of second letter, ib.

(iii) Modification of both sounds, ib.

B. Incomplete Assimilation, 373.

(i) Euphonic changes, 374,

(ii) Changes caused by nasals, ib.

(iii) Change of t to s, ib. Assibilation of c and t,

375. Assibilation of c late, except in the pro-

vincial dialects, 376. Assibilation of t a little

earlier, 377.

IV. Dissimilation, 378, 379.

1. Change of a dental, 378.

2. Loss of aspiration in Greek, ib. And of initial reduplicated

consonant, 379.

3. Latin -aris and -alis, ib.

CHAPTER IX.

INDISTINCT ARTICULATION.

Changes produced by want of clearness in pronunciation, 380.

1. Labialism, 381-389.

Change of K to π and p, 381. Possibility of this change,

382. Caused by parasitic v, 383. Variation in Italy,

385. History of the Latin Q, 386. Change of & to

B and b, 387. Change of GH to p, 388.

2. Dentalism, 389–392.

Change of K to T, 389. Change of a to 8, 391. Change

of D to b, 392.

4. Parasitic y after 8, 399.

5. Aspirating unaspirated letters, 400-405.

Involuntary aspiration of hard letters; found in Sanskrit

and in Greek, 400. No certain example of the aspi-

ration of soft sounds, 402. Aspiration in Greek and

Latin at the beginning of a word, ib. It began in

Italy first among the provincials, 404.

6. Auxiliary (inorganic) vowels, 405–411.

Character of these sounds: most common in Greek, 405.

(i) Initial vowels, 407. Very rare before an explo-

sive sound, ib.

(ii) Medial vowels, 408. The "connecting vowel,"

Auxiliary vowels in Latin, 410.

409.

7. Auxiliary (inorganic) consonants, 411.

Conclusion, 412.

INTRODUCTION TO GREEK AND

LATIN ETYMOLOGY,

CHAPTER I.

THE PRINCIPLE OF PHONETIC CHANGE.

CH. I.

THE chief subject of this book will be the Laws of Phonetic Change in Greek and Latin. As the term may pro- Nature of bably require explanation, I will illustrate my meaning by phonetic an example.

In the word Siswμ we have three syllables. Beginning with the last syllable μ, we have a combination of sound, which a little comparison with other words in Greek or other languages (Sanskrit and Lithuanian) will convince us, denotes the pronoun of the first person “I.” This comparison will shew us that the syllable is sometimes reduced to the mere consonant m; thus we have in Latin sum, inquam1; and if we observe that the 1st person singular of the imperfect in Latin (e.g. fereba-m) compared with the same person in Greek (epepov) always shews an m in the one language by an v in the other, we shall conclude that for some reason or other the Greeks could change this older m into a later v. But further, by comparison, we shall see reason to believe that this μ

1 Also our own

"am" (as-mi). In the old Northumbrian gloss of the Latin Gospels we find "ic beom" (I am), Mark ix. 19; “ic geseom (I see), Mark viii. 24, &c. See the Anglo-Saxon version of the Gospel of St Mark, ed. Skeat p. xxxi. The old High German pim or bim has become bin in modern German, like ἔφερον.

P. E.

1

change.