scription, such as are totally unacquainted with the subject may conceive that cotton wool, being struck upon one of those cards or brushes, may be scraped with another card in that direction, that the inclination of the wires may tend to throw the whole inwards rather than suffer it to come out. The consequence of the repeated strokes of the empty card against the full one must be a distribution of the whole more evenly on the surface; and if one card be then drawn in the opposite direction across the other, it will, by virtue of the inclination of its wires, take the whole of the wool out of that card whose inclination is the contrary way. Without entering more fully upon the description of a process so common, we may make a few similar observations with regard to spinning. This is of two kinds; in the one the carded wool is suddenly drawn out during the rapid rotation of a spindle, and forms a loose yarn. In the other process the material is spun by a well-known small engine or wheel, which requires the spinner to draw the material out between the finger and thumb of each hand If we suppose the machine itself to be left at liberty, and turned without the assistance of the spinner, the twisted thread being drawn inwards by the bobbin, would naturally gather more of the material, and form an irregular thread, thicker and thicker, till at length the difficulty of draw ing out so large a portion of materi al as had acquired the twist would become greater than that of snapping the smaller part of the thread, which would accordingly break. It is the business of the spinner to prevent this by drawing out the material with one hand, if the operator be skilful, but if not, with two, that is to say, by holding the mate

rial between the finger and thumb of each hand, the intermediate part may be drawn out to requisite fineness previous to the twist, by separating the hands during the act of pinching. Every rational process of invention must consist, in the first place, in a careful analysis of the operations meant to be performed. The object of Arkwright's improvements were carding and spinning. To do this by by machinery, it was required either that the usual manœuvre of the carder should be performed with square cards, or that cylinders, covered with the kind of metallic brush-work, before described, should be made to revolve in contact with each other, either to card or to strip, accordingly as their respective velocities, directions, and inclinations of their wires might be adjusted. With regard to spinning, it would become an indispensable condition, not only that the raw material should be very nicely prepared, in order that it might require none of that intellectual skill which is capable of sepating the knotty or imperfect parts as they offer themselves, but also that it should be regularly drawn out by certain parts representing the fingers and thumbs of the spinner. The contrivances by which this last means was represented consisted in a certain number of pairs of cylinders, each two revolving in contact with each other. Suppose a very loose thread or slightly twisted carding of cotton to pass between one pair of cylinders, clothed with a proper facing, to enable them to hold it; and let it be imagined to proceed from thence to another pair, whose surfaces revolve much quicker. It is evident that the quicker revolu tion of the second pair will draw out the cotton, rendering-it thinner and longer when it comes to be delivered

delivered at the other side. This is precisely the operation which the spinner performs with her fingers and thumb; and if the cotton be then delivered to a spinning apparatus it will be converted into thread. Simple as these notions of a rotatory carding engine and spinning engine, of which the chief organ consists of two pair of cylinders, may appear, they are subject in the practical detail to all the difficulties which usually present themselves to be overcome by inventors. An account of this would certainly form an interesting narrative in the history of the arts; but in this place it is neither practicable nor consistent with our plan. Sir Richard Arkwright succeeded in making these engines go by horse, by water, and by steam, as first movers; and the saving of labour, together with the advantages of a patent monopoly, were suffici ent to render him one of the most opulent of our manufacturers.

"The historical facts appear to be the following: about the year 1767, Arkwright came to Warrington, at which time he had quitted the profession of a barber, and went up and down the country buying hair. He had at that tinre a scheme of some mechanical contrivance, of the nature, as it is said, of a perpetual motion. A clockmaker of that place, whose name was John Kay, became acquainted with him,and dissuaded him from it; but remarked that much money might be gained by spinning cotton, which Kay said he would describe to Arkwright. Arkwright objected, that many gentlemen had ruined themselves by that scheme: but the next morning he came to Kay's bedside, and asked if he could make a small engine at a small expense. This John Kay had been employed as a workman to make a

cotton spinning engine for a Mr. Hayes, who was brought in evidence on the trial for setting aside Arkwright's patent, and proved that he had invented an engine of this kind, but not that he had brought it to perfection. Kay and Arkwright applied to Peter Atherton, esquire, now of Liverpool to make such an engine; but from the poverty of the appearance of the latter, Mr Atherton refused to undertake it, though afterwards, on the evening of the same day, he agreed to lend Kay a sinith and watch-tool maker, to make the heavier part of the engine, and Kay undertook to make the clock-maker's part of it, and to instruct the work. man. In this way Mr. Arkwright's first engine, for which he afterwards took out a patent, was made. Mr. Arkwright soon afterwards joined in partnership with Mr. Smalley of Preston in Lancashire, but their property falling short, they went to Nottingham, and there met with rich individuals, by the help of whom they erected a considerable cotton-mill turned by horses. The same Hayes had also employed himself in making cylindrical carding engines.

"This is an outline of some of the facts stated on the behalf of Mr. Arkwright's opponents, who set his patent aside. The story current in the manufacturing counties is, that he stole these inventions, and enriched himself at the expense, and by the ingenuity of other men. Upon the face of the thing, however, without attending to other evidence which might perhaps be brought, it appears that the cotton spinning was no new attempt when Mr. Arkwright took it up, but an object much laboured at; and as it had not succeeded, it should of course follow that there were diffi

culties

culties to be overcome, and matters of subordinate invention (which usually cause the failure of new schemes) to be matured, digested, and brought into effect. In the hands of Mr. Arkwright the carding and cotton spinning became a great national manufacture. Before he undertook it, it appears to have been nothing. In his Case, as drawn by himself, he states, that about 40 or 50 years before his time, one Paul and others of London, invented an engine for spinning cotton, and obtained a patent for their invention, after which they removed to Nottingham and other places, expending much money and time in the undertaking, and that many families who had engaged with them were reduced to poverty and distress by the failure of the scheme; that about 20 or 30 years back, various engines had been constructed by different persons for spinning cotton, flax, wool, &c, into many threads at once, but they pro duced no real advantage;-and that in 1767 one Hargrave, of Blackwell in Lancashire, constructed an engine that would at once spin 20 or 30 threads of cotton into yarn for the fustian manufacture; but that, after suffering the destruction of his engines by popular tumults in Lancashire, and removing to Nottingham, where he practised for a time under a patent, an association was formed against him, by which his patent right was overthrown, and

he died in obscurity and great distress-that he, Arkwright, had invented engines for carding and spinning, in the advancing of which more than five years, with an expense of 12,000l. had been consumed, before any profit accrued to himself and partners. And as it must be admitted he did not bring his project to bear at once, as a pirate might have done, he must of right be considered as the man who, after embarking in a great national undertaking, where many others had failed, did exhibit enough of perseverance, skill, and activity, to render it of value to himself and the public.

"After this statement of the case, which is the best that could under the present circumstances be procured, it seems that the merits of Sir Richard Arkwright may be summed up by observing, that the object in which he was engaged is of the highest public value; that though his family is enriched, the benefits which have accrued to the nation have been incalculably greater; and that upon the whole he is entitled to the respect and admiration of the world.

"He was knighted by his present majesty at St. James's on the 22d of December 1786, on presenting an address from the high-sheriff and hundred of Wirksworth; and died at his works at Crumford, in Derbyshire, Aug. 3, 1792."

ONE J

age

age of twenty she was admitted to all the meetings of the society,which were hed weekly, monthly, and quarterly, for settling the general concerns and watching over the con duct of the brethren. She at length fancied that she was called to act some great and extraordinary part, and in this persuasion formed the project of becoming the leader of a sect. In the course of a long and dangerous illness, she was suddenly seized, or gave it out that she was seized, with a lethargy, so that to her friends she appeared as really dead. She continued several hours in this situation; and preparations were actually making for her interment, when she suddenly started up, called for her cloaths, declaring that she had risen from the dead, and that she had cast off all her ⚫ material substance, and retained only the spiritual.' She went, accordingly, to the next meeting, as if with the authority of some celestial being, spoke there as one inspired, and gained some followers. She, ere long, expressed her displeasure at some religious observances of the quakers, and was, on this account, reprimanded by the meeting; which appears to have been precisely the thing she wished for and expected. In the opinion of others, she met with this reproof, because at the beginning of the revolutionary war she had been much attached to the tories, and favoured the English party by declaiming against the war, according to the principles of the doctrines she professed. She continued preaching and proceeding in this manner, till she was excluded from the meetings, which indeed all along appeared to be her particular wish. Being now a persecuted person, at least by her own account, she began to gain some partisans. She preached publicly on the ne

cessity of the abolition of all meet ings convened to censure, of a reform of the church-establishment, of granting to the friends universal liberty to preach what they pleased, without first asking leave to do so, &c. She soon made some proselytes, and at the same time drew on herself the displeasure of all who adhered to the old forms of the religion of the quakers. She experienced, therefore, a very unfavourable reception for herself and doctrines, both in Philadelphia and New York. Wherever she came, every quaker turned away from her with abhorrence, as the enemy of his religion; and all other persons deemed her a fool or an enthusiast. This disposition of the public she again called a persecution, it being favourable to ber ultimate views. The number of her followers was now daily increasing; and as she confidently trusted it would become still more considerable, she thought they might perhaps be willing to follow her. Accordingly she proposed to a number of them to flee from these regions of intolerance, and to settle in a place where they might worship God undisturbed, and free from that bitter spirit of persecution which men had intro duced in opposition to the divine will.

"Soon after, the country about Lake Seneca and Crooked Lake was fixed upon as the place of their settlement. The company of New York, which had purchased this land from the Indians, entered into a treaty for the sale of it with these reformed quakers. They were promised three tracts of land, containing each six thousand square acres, which were to form three districts, and to which Jemima instantly gave the name of Jerusalem. Thirty families removed hither with

her;

ed three or four hundred more, of whom, however, not above twenty at last arrived. This society soon spread over the three districts, which it was to occupy; but was not sufficiently numerous to replenish the fourth part of each. The enchant ment, however, had already been broken by Jemima's absence, and with it had also vanished their zeal for peopling this new land of pro

mise.

"We saw Jemima, and attended her meeting, which is held in her own house. We found there about thirty persons, men, women, and children. Jemima stood at the door of her bed chamber on a carpet, with an arm-chair behind her. She had on a white mori ing-gown, and a waistcoat, such as men wear, and a petticoat of the same colour. Her black hair was cut short, carefully combed, and divided behind into three ringlets; she wore a stock, and a white silk crayat, which was tied about her neck with affected negit gence. In point of delivery, she preached with more ease than any other quaker I have yet heard; but the subject matter of her discourse was an eternal repetition of the same topics-death, sin, and repentance, She is said to be about forty years of age, but she did not appear to be more than thirty. She is of middle stature, well-made, of a florid countenance, and has fine teeth, and beautiful eyes. Her action is studied; she aims at simplicity, but there is somewhat pedantic in her manner. In her chamber we found her friend, Rachel Miller, a young woman of about twenty-eight or hirty years of age, her follower and admirer, who is entirely devot

mima possesses is purchased in the name of Rachel Miller, an advantage which she owes to her influence over her adherents, and to her dexterity in captivating their affections. "Jemima, or the Friend (as she is called by way of eminence), inculcates, as her leading tenet, poverty, and resignation of all earthly possessions. If you talk to her of her house, she always calls it the house which i inhabit. This house, however, though built only of the trunks of trees, is extremely pretty and commodious. Her room is exquisitely neat; and resembles more the boudoir of a fine lady, than the cell of a nun. It contains a looking-glass, a clock, an arm-chair, a good bed, a warming-pan, and a silver saucer. Her garden is kept in good order; her spring-house * is full of milk, cheese, butter, butcher's-meat and game. Her hypocrisy may be traced in all her discourses, actions, and conduct, and even in the very manner in which she manages her countenance. She seldom speaks, without quoting the Bible, or introducing a serious sentence about death, and the necessity of making our peace with God. Whatever does not belong to her own sect, is with her an object of distaste and stedfast aversion. She sows dissension in families, to deprive the lawful heir of his right of inheritance, in order to appropriate it to herself; and all this she does under the ame and by the agency of her companion, who receives all the presents brought by the faithful, and preserves them for her reve end friend, who, being wholly absorbed in her communion with Christ, whose prophetess she is, would ab

solutely