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ued the Providence company, turning its business over to the Commercial Alliance Life.

Columbian Fire Insurance Company of Louisville, Ky., which was organized October 20, 1892, by A. W. Hart, as a non-board company and began a general agency business throughout the United States, January 1, 1893, continued through the year, and made an assignment February 28, 1894, the official reason given being "the unfriendly criticism and strong opposition of certain insurance commissioners of other states which has had the effect of materially injuring the business." In the preceding month Mr. Hart had resigned the presidency and sold his stock and withdrawn entirely from all interest in the company. S. H. Sullivan was manager at the time the company failed and he became its assignee.

Columbus, Ga., Life Underwriters Association. [See Life Underwriters Association of Columbus.]

Commerce Insurance Company, Albany, N. Y. Organized 1859; capital, $200,000. G. A. Van Allen, president; E. D. Jenison, secretary.

Commercial Alliance Life Insurance Company, New York city. Organized 1888, capital, $200,000. E. A. Dunham, president; D. A. Whitehead, secretary. A controlling interest in this company was purchased in March, 1893, by the persons who organized the Columbia Life Assurance company of Providence, R. I., and new officers were elected as follows: E. A. Dunham of Providence, R. I., president; W. H. Pierce of Fall River, vice-president; A W. Trafford of Providence, treasurer; and John I. Holly (late president), comptroller. The business was continued in New York. In January, 1894, the Providence company was merged in the Commercial Alliance.

Commercial Mutual Accident Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1889. R. P. Dechart, president; R. Shean, secretary.

Commercial Travelers' Association of the State of New York, Syracuse, N. Y. Organized 1872. S. D. W. Cleveland, president; J. G. Barker, secretary.

Commercial Travelers' Mutual Accident Association of America, Utica, N. Y. Organized 1883. H. D. Pixley, president; E. Trevvett, secretary.

Commercial Union Assurance Company, The, was organized in London in 1861, and came to the United States through the Golden Gate, establishing an agency in San Francisco in 1870. It was ad mitted to New York and began a general business throughout the country in 1871, under the management of Alliger Brothers. At the close of 1871 its assets in the United States were $346,037. In 1887, Mr. Alfred Pell was appointed to the United States management, and, in 1878, Mr. Charles Sewall became associated with him, and in November, 1885, Mr. Sewall became manager in name as he had been in fact, since he became connected with the company. The Commercial Union closed the year 1893 with United States assets, $3,555,200;

with $382,267,372 of risks in force, and a net premium income of $2,837,429. Mr. A. H. Wray was appointed assistant manager in 1889, being taken from the company's field force. Mr. Charles F. Mullins is the manager of the Pacific Coast Branch.

Commercial Union Fire Insurance Company, New York city. Organized 1890; capital, $200,000. C. Sewall, president; J. H. Kattenstroth, secretary.

Commissioners and Superintendents of Insurance, List of. [See Insurance Departments and also National Insurance Commissioners' Convention.]

Commissions' Association, Fire Underwriters. [See Fire Underwriters Commissions' Association.]

Commercial Insurance Company of Chicago was incorporated in March 1893, to do a fire and marine insurance business with $200,000 cash capital (with privilege of increasing to $1,000.000). The incorporators were: James A. Sexton, Frank M. Blair, Fred M. Smith, H. C. Dolph, George Spry, Wolfred N. Low, H. J Rogers, Charles T. Strattan, Gustave B. Treloar, George T. Farmer, Chicago; John S. Van Nortwick, Appleton, Wis.; William M. Van Nortwick, Batavia, Ill.; and Henry H. Evans, Aurora, Ill. The company did not begin business during the year.

Commonwealth Insurance Company, New York City. Organized 1886; capital $500,000. M. M. Belding, president; C. S. Bartow, secretary.

Commonwealth Mutual Fire Insurance Company was organized at Boston, Mass., in November 1893, to do a mercantile and manufacturing risk business on maximum lines of $20,000 in all the large cities of the Union. J. A. Newhall, senior member of a Boston hide importing firm was elected president, E. D. Blake secretary, and Blake & Taylor, the Boston fire agency firm, managers and attorneys for the United States. The Commonwealth began business December 1.

Compacts, State Laws against. [See Anti-Compact Laws.]

Companies, Fire, Organized in 1893.

COMPANIES.

German Fire, Philadelphia,

Rutland Fire, Rutland, Vt.,

Saginaw Valley Fire and Marine, Saginaw, Mich,

Shawnee Fire, Topeka, Kan.,

Northern City Fire, Duluth, Minn.,

Total,.

Paid-up

Capital.

$100,000

250,000

100.000

100,000

200,000

$750,000

The German Fire of Philadelphia was a company that went out of business in 1892, re-insuring its risks in the National Fire of Hartford. It was revived or re-organized in 1893, with new officers to do a local dwelling-house business. The Shawnee was a local stock company, the first organized in Kansas. The Northern City began business in several states, but being unable to satisfy the Illinois insurance depart

ment of the value of its assets, and therefore being denied admission to that state, it withdrew from business everywhere and wound up its affairs. As to the Rutland Fire of Vermont the Insurance Commissioners of that state reported that its assets were composed principally of western lands.

But one foreign company came to the United States regularly in 1893, the Achen-Munich of Aix-la-Chapelle, whose operations are confined to the Pacific coast. The North German Fire of Hamburg, which has been on the coast many years, made a deposit in Illinois and was regularly admitted to that state. Several British and Continental companies availed themselves of the advantage given by the laws of several states permitting the placing of surplus lines in unlicensed companies, when companies licensed have insured to their limit. These foreign companies appointed representatives known as correspondin the larger cities.

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While American capital was not disposed in 1893 to venture into new joint stock corporations, the pressing need of more insurance, and the facility with which combinations of individual underwriters could be formed into Lloyds and operated without the legal restrictions surrounding joint stock companies, led to the organization of a number of these concerns and to the promise of a still greater number in the following year. [See Lloyds.]

A number of stock companies were projected or chartered in 1893, but did not begin business. Following is a list:

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The Connecticut legislature chartered the Wooster Fire insurance company of Danbury, and the Delaware legislature, the Wilmington Fire insurance company of Wilmington.

New mutuals began to spring up in Massachusetts towards the close of the year, having behind them responsible promoters. Two of these were the Commonwealth Mutual and the Suffolk Mutual, both of Boston. The South Carolina legislature incorporated three mutual companies.

Of irresponsible companies, those chartered in out-of-the-way corners in easy-going states, companies with alleged capital and with assets composed of queer job lots of notes, bonds, office furniture, and western acres, there was the usual swarm. These concerns were almost invariably planted by strangers to the states which they claimed as birthplaces, and were officered by brokers in Chicago, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and other northern cities, identified with underground practices. They were "surplus line" companies, accepting any kind of business which yielded premiums.

The following is a list of companies of uncertain character organized in 1893:

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Some of the above died before the year closed.

Companies, Life, Chartered or Incorporated in 1893.

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Industrial Life, Syracuse, N. Y.,

New Hampshire Life, Manchester, N. H.,
Northeastern Life, Manchester, N. H.,

Capital.

$250,000

500,000

500,000

500,000

100,000

100,000

None of these companies went further than organization in 1893, and it appears that but one of them secured a fully paid-up capital, the New Hampshire Life. The Northeastern Life was organized at New Berlin, N. H., in 1892, but it was reorganized the following year and its domicile transferred to Manchester. Doubtless the general commercial depression in 1893 discouraged the projectors of these companies from beginning business.

The Nederland Life insurance company of Amsterdam, Holland, a small company, entered the United States for business, making a deposit with the New York state insurance department.

During the last half of the year Mr. P. B. Armstrong was engaged in New York securing subscriptions for a life insurance company to do business on a new plan, with $500,000 cash capital. It was named the American Union Life insurance company. The organization was not completed.

Companies, Miscellaneous, Chartered or Projected in 1893.

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District Title Insurance Company, Washington, D. C.,

200,000

Great Eastern Casualty and Indemnity Compar y, New York,

125,000

Inter-state Casualty Company of New York,

150,000

Lawyers Mortgage Insurance Company,

500,000

Mutual Plate-Glass Insurance Company, Willimantic, Conn.,

Mutual

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Of the above the Great Eastern Casualty, Inter-state Casualty, and Union Casualty began business. The Preferred Accident was an older

company, originally organized as a mutual. It changed to the stock plan in 1893, dropping the word mutual from its title.

Companies of Uncertain Responsibility, The following fire insurance companies, engaged in "underground" practices, were denounced as irresponsible by state insurance departments or the press during 1893 :

Alabama Fire, Florence, Ala.
Allegheny Fire, West Virginia.
Anchor, London, England.

Anchor F. and M., Wheeling, W. Va.
Atlas F. and M., Hernando, Miss.
Bankers and Merchants, Wheeling, W. Va.
Central Ohio, Toledo, O.

Charleston F. and M., Charleston, W. Va.
Columbian National, Philadelphia.

Columbia F. and M., New Albany, Miss.
Commercial, Memphis, Tenn.
Commonwealth, Winchester, Va.

La Prevoyante, Bordeaux, France.
Lelia Exchange, Martinsburg, W. Va.
Lumbermen's, Berkley Springs, W. Va.
Metropolitan, Charleston, W. Va.
Monntain State Fire, Wheeling, W. Va.
National, Weston, W. Va.

National Mutual, Council Bluffs, la.
National of North Carolina.
Norfolk F. and M., Norfolk, Va.
Northern Mutual, Toledo, O.

Old Dominion, Portsmouth, W. Va.
Ohio Valley, Huntington, W. Va.

Commonwealth Fire, Montgomery, W. Va. Palmetto, Columbia, S. C.

Continental, Memphis, Tenn.

Crescent, Cleveland, O.

Davenport Mutual, Davenport, Ia.
District, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
Empire Fire, Huntington, W. Va.

Farmers and Mechanics, Washington, D.C.
Farmers and Mechanics, Alexandria, Va.
Farmers and Mechanics, Minersburg, Pa.
First National Fire, Fredericksburg, Va.
Fostoria Mutual, Fostoria, O.
Franklin, South Dakota.

German-American, Richmond, Va.

Pennsylvania Mutual, Columbia, Pa.
Pequanock, Staunton, Va.

Protection, Charleston, W. Va.

Provident Fire, Richmond, Va.
Reliance, Berkley Springs, W. Va.
Reserve, Cleveland, O.

Roanoke Fire, Roanoke, Va.
Safety Mutual, Sioux City, Ia.
Shenandoah Valley Fire, Winchester, Va.
State of Virginia, Alexandria, Va.
Studman, Toledo, O.

Susquehanna Mutual, Harrisburg, Pa.

German Exchange, Martinsburgh, W. Va. Traders, Charleston, W. Va.

Gloucester, Gloucester City, N. J.
Great Northern, Manitoba.

Guardian Fire, Huntington, W. Va.

Home, Hinton, W. Va.

Home, Tiffin, O.

Imperial, Calcutta, India.

Industrial, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.

Interstate Fire, West Virginia.

United Fire, Alexandria, Va.

United States, Charleston, W. Va.
Underwriters Mutual, Sioux City, Ia.

Virginia Farmers, Norfolk, Va.

Washington F. and M., Charleston, W. Va.
Western, Toledo, O.

Westmoreland, Colonial Beach, Va.

Concordia Fire Insurance Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Organized, 1870; capital, $200,000. J. H. Insbusch, president; G. Wollaeger, secretary.

Congress, Insurance, at Chicago. [See World's Columbian Exposition.]

Connecticut Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, was organized and commenced business in 1850, the original paid-in capital being $200,000. The company transacts fire and tornado insurance. The right under the charter to engage in marine insurance is not utilized. The Connecticut's present capital is $1,000,000. The com pany was made bankrupt by the Chicago fire, and after settlement with its creditors was reorganized. The premiums received since reorganization aggregate $16,737,459; losses paid, $9,587,377; cash dividends, $1,825,000. The officers are Messrs. J. D. Browne, president; Charles R. Burt, secretary; L. W. Clarke, assistant secretary; the directors being Henry C. Robinson, Alfred E. Burr, John R. Redfield, Rodney Dennis, F. G. Whitmore, T. W. Russell, J. D. Browne, D. R. Howe, Robert Allyn, H. P. Stearns, John C. Parsons, John M. Hol

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