it is hoped the church may derive some immediate advantages, it has been resolved to found five scholarships in the University of Dublin, for the encouragement of the study of Irish among the Divinity students. The regulations have received the sanction of his Grace the Lord Primate, and of the Provost and Senior Fellows of Trinity College, and will come into operation in the present year.

EPISCOPAL COLLEGE IN SCOTLAND.

The establishment of an Episcopal College in Scotland has for some time been in contemplation; and considerable progress has been made with the preliminary arrangements. The institution is to be called "The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity;" and whenever the subscriptions (which already amount to 6,000/.) shall rise to 20,000l. the erection of an edifice will be commenced. A site will be selected in a situation north of the Frith of Forth-probably in the neighbourhood of Perth; and it is intended that the students will become boarders in the establishment. The purposes to which the funds will be devoted are the erection of a chapel, with halls and other suitable buildings, the salaries of a Warden, professors, and teachers. It is also intended to found a number of bursaries

or scholarships; and it is proposed

that subscribers to the amount of 100 guineas and upwards shall have a perpetual right to nominate in favour of young men, a deduction of 10 per cent. being allowed in such cases from the current rate of annual payments for board and education. Committees have been appointed to carry the object into effect; and the Bishops of the episcopal church in Scotland have published a Synodical Letter on behalf of the proposed institution.

STATISTICAL SOCIETY.

March 15. The anniversary meeting of the society was held, Sir C. Lemon, Bart. Vice-President, in the chair. The number of fellows has increased from 424 to 435; besides which there are twentyfive honorary and nine corresponding members. The income of the past year has exceeded that of the preceding year by nearly 1307. A valuable classed catalogue of the books in the library has been completed, and found greatly to facilitate research. The committee on vital statistics has issued a form to the several London hospitals for the purpose of registering the diseases of the patients therein; and the medical officers of those establishments have consented to co-ope

rate with the committee. Among the direct fruits of the Society's labours during the past year has been the formation of a statistical society at Aberdeen, for the purpose of collecting the statistics of the north-eastern counties of Scotland. The

council has also been in communication with parties in Dublin for the purpose of forming a statistical society in that city. The American Statistical Association, established at Boston, United States, has been organised on the model of the society, and promises to be highly useful. An inquiry has been instituted into the condition of the town of Sheffield, at the suggestion of the council, and the report will soon be published. Several articles in the society's journal have been translated and published in foreign publications; and an application has been made by one of H. M. ministers at a German court for copies of the society's publications for distribution in Germany.

The following noblemen and gentlemen were elected as the council and officers:

President, the Marquess of Lansdowne, K.G., F.R.S.; Treasurer, G. R. Porter, esq. F.R.S.; Hon. Secretaries, J. Clendinning, esq. M.D., J. Fletcher, esq., R. W. Rawson, esq. Council for 1842-43, C. Ansell, esq. F.R.S., Lord Ashley, M.P., Sir J. P. Boileau, Bart., Right Hon. Sturges Bourne, F.R.S., John Bowring, esq. LL.D. M.P. J. Clendinning, esq. M.D., G. Coode, esq., Viscount Ebrington, M.P., Rev. E. W. Edgell, W. Farr, esq., J. Fletcher, esq., F. H. Goldsmid, esq., W. Greig, esq. F.R.S., W. A. Guy, esq. M.D., H. Hallam, esq. F. R.S., J.Heywood, esq. F.R.S., L. Horner, esq. F.R S., Sir C. Lemon, Bart. M.P. F.R.S. Right Hon. H. Mackenzie, J. R. Martin, esq. M.D., H. Merivale, esq., G. R. Porter, esq. F.R.S., R. W. Rawson, esq. H. Reeve, esq., Viscount Sandon,M.P. Lieut.-Col. Sykes, F.R.S., T. Tooke, esq. F.R.S. S. Tremeneere, esq., Major A. M. Tulloch, J. Wilson, esq.

The Anniversary Meeting of this Society was held on the 18th of February, when R. I. Murchison, esq. was re-elected President; and the following gentlemen the other officers for the ensuing year:

Vice-Presidents, Dr. Buckland, Dr. Daubeny, Dr. Fitton, and Mr. Lyell.-Secretaries, Mr. E. H. Bunbury, and Mr. Hamilton, M.P.-Foreign Secretary, Mr. De la Beche.-Treasurer, Mr. Taylor.

The Wollaston Medal was awarded to M. Leopold von Buch, "for the eminent services he has rendered to Geology by his extraordinary and unremitting exertions during a long series of years, and for his recent researches in Paleontology."

The proceeds of the Wollaston Fund were awarded to Mr. Morris to assist him in preparing for publication a table of British Organic Remains, in which he has been for some time engaged, and which

will be of very great service in promoting the accurate study of geology.

ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY.

At the recent Anniversary Meeting, the President, the Right Hon. Lord Wrottesley, was in the chair. The Council congratulated the Members on the steady and progressive improvement of the science, adverted to many important works and experiments completed, or in progress, by different members, and announced that the difficulties which seem to lie in the way of the successful completion of the Cavendish experiment, undertaken by Mr. Baily, had been removed, and that some important works, revised by Mr. Baily, and printed at his own expense, had been presented to the Society, and would form the thirteenth volume of its Memoirs.

It was stated that the expenses of the Society had been kept greatly within the annual income, and that the sum of 4007. 3 per cents. had, during the past year, been added to the 5007. already in that fund. The Society has also 19791. 5s. ld. new 3 per cents.. invested from the compositions of Members.

The following Fellows were elected Council for the ensuing year:

President, Lord Wrottesley. - Vice-Presidents, F. Baily, esq. Rev. G. Fisher, Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart. Rev. R. Sheepshanks. Treasurer, G. Bishop, esq.-Secretaries, Rev. R. Main, M.A. R. W. Rothman, esq. M.A. Foreign Secretary, T. Galloway, esq.-Council, G. B. Airy, esq. Rev. W. R. Dawes, Aug. De Morgan, esq. Thomas Jones, esq. John Lee, esq. LL.D. Major.-Gen. C. W. Pasley, R.E. Lieut. H. Raper, R.N., E. Riddle, esq. Lieut. W. S. Stratford, R.N., C. B. Vignoles, esq.

METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY.

March 8. The Anniversary Meeting took place, Lord R. Grosvenor, President, in the chair. The annual report was highly satisfactory in every point of view. The finances were in a flourishing state; many new members had been admitted during the past year; donations of upwards of forty volumes of books have been made to the library, and nearly sixty scientific papers read.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Anniversary of this Society took place on the 24th Jan., when the annual address was delivered by W. W. Saunders, esq. who was re-elected President.

SOCIETY of arts.

A material reform has taken place in the arrangement of this institution, which it is thought will materially extend its utility. The most prominent feature of the new plan is the announcement that GENT. MAG. VOL. XVII.

communications on all subjects connected with the arts and manufactures, including patent inventions, will in future be received and read at the Wednesday-evening meetings. Models of machinery and specimens of British and foreign manufactures will be laid on the table on the meetings for the same purpose. Other resolutions have been passed for rescinding the rule relating to the exclusion of patent inventions from reward; and for admitting members residing at a distance of more than ten miles from London, on the annual payment of one guinea.

LAW OF COPYRIGHT.

The Bill now passing through Parliament to amend the Law of Copyright, contains the following provisions:

Copyright in any book hereafter to be published in the lifetime of the author to belong to the author and his assigns for the author's life, and for 25 years commencing at his death; and if published after the author's death to belong to the proprietor of the manuscript for 30 years from the first publication thereof.

In cases of subsisting copyright, the extended term to be enjoyed, except when it shall belong to any assignee for other consideration than natural love and affection; in which case it shall cease at the expiration of the present term; unless its extension shall be agreed to between the proprietor and the author.

Power to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to license the republication of books, which the proprietor refuses to republish after the death of the author.

One copy of every book to be delivered at the British Museum; and a copy of every book to be delivered within a month after demand for the use of the following libraries -the Bodleian Library, Public library at Cambridge, Advocates of Edinburgh, and Trinity College, Dublin.

The provisions of 3 and 4 William IV. extended to musical compositions; and the term of copyright, as provided by senting dramatic pieces and musical comthis act, applied to the liberty of reprepositions.

The proprietor of the right of dramatic representation shall have all the remedies given by the act 3 and 4 William IV.

No assignment of copyright of a dramatic piece shall convey the right of representation, unless an entry to that effect shall be made in the book of registry.

LITERARY PENSIONS.

The following list of all pensions granted between the 20th June, 1840, and the 20th June, 1841, and charged upon the 3 H

civil list, pursuant to the Act of 1 Victoria, cap. 2, shews that they have been chiefly devoted to the reward of scientific and literary services: To the Rev. H. Barez, teacher of German to her Majesty, a pension of 100%,; to Signor Guiseppe Guazzaroni, teacher of Italian to her Majesty, one of 50l.; to J. B. Sale, esq. teacher of singing to her Majesty, 1007.; to Thomas Steward, teacher of writing to her Majesty, 1007.; to Monsieur Français Grandineare, teacher of French to her Majesty, 1007.; to Miss Lucy Anderson, teacher of music to her Majesty, 1007.; to Madame Sarah Matilda Bourdin, teacher of dancing to her Majesty, 1007.; to Henry Williams, for services as special constable at the Monmouth riots, 201.; to T. Walker, for like services, 20.; to E. Morgan, for like services, 201.; to P. W. Dease, esq., for

geographical discoveries, &c. on the northern coast of America, 100%.; to Elizabeth D. Kennedy and Anna Maria Kennedy, daughters of Sir Robert Kennedy, late Commissary General, 1007.; to George Burges, esq. in consideration of his services in the advancement of learning, as the editor and publisher of various works of Greek literature, 100%.; to Thomas Webster, esq. F. G.S., for exertions in promoting the science of geology, 501.; to the Rev. Thomas Kidd, M.A. of Trinity College, Cambridge, in consideration of services in the advancement of learning, as the editor and publisher of various works of classical literature, 1001.; and to B. Thorpe, esq. for services rendered to literature, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon language, in addition to the pension of 1607. per annum, formerly granted to him, 407.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

March 2. A drawing of the entrance doorway and hall of a house at Fyfield, Berks, of the 14th century, was presented by W. Grey, esq. of Magdalene Hall.

The designs for the restoration of Steeple Aston Church, Oxon, by John Plowman, esq. were submitted to the meeting, and met with general approbation, with some slight exceptions of detail. It is proposed to remove the hideous gallery, and fit up the church entirely with open seats of oak, imitating the beautiful standards which remain; to restore the high pitched roof of the nave, removing the clerestory, which is a late and clumsy addition; and to rebuild the north wall, preserving the one good window which remains, and imitating it in the other two.

The design for a Church at Bedwin, Wilts, in the Norman style, by Benjamin Ferrey, esq. was also submitted, and cordially approved.

A paper was read by J. P. Harrison, esq. of Ch. Ch., upon the proportions of Chancels. His object was to shew that, apart from other reasons, the principles of Gothic required a well-defined chancel, and in some cases one of considerable projection; and that the perspective effect of a church mainly depended upon it. He arranged ordinary country churches under six heads, shewing that the length and breadth of the chancel were guided by the breadth of the nave, and more especially (a most important point, and not generally noticed) the ground plan of the church, that is, whether it had two aisles or one only, or none, &c. The

maximum and minimum projections were given, and each case illustrated by a good many examples, taken from several counties and of different styles. Mr. Harrison took the same view as Mr. Petit (whom he quoted), that the ancient architects designed all ecclesiastical buildings upon certain invariable principles of proportion, and that they attended to the position of a church, and the objects surrounding it. This idea was carried out and illustrated by many of the statements in Mr. Harrison's paper. The fact of our finding exactly similar proportions in all churches on the same plan, but of different dates, was adduced to shew that the ancient architects were guided by some fixed rules over and above any taste or skill which they might themselves have possessed. "Intuitive knowledge" was not to be expected in all. A traditionary rule of proportions bound, but did not shackle them; without it even their knowledge of details would do us but little good. We must recover principles. In the mean time, Gothic should be loved and used as the only pure and perfect style which our own country, or any part of Western Christendom, has produced-there is nothing in it borrowed from Paganism. Mr. Hope was cited to shew that all styles are expressive of of the religion of the country in which they arose. It should be enough for us that the three orders of Gothic are English, and that every day we find something more and more religious in their expression. In this we are more happy than Italy, Lombardy, &c. although the absence of Gothic in these and other Chris

tian lands should deter us calling it the one Christian style, to the exclusion of all others.

INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.

Feb. 28. The principal business of the evening was to decide on the merits of the drawings and essays submitted to the Institute for their annual prizes. The

Soane Medallion was awarded to Mr. John W. Papworth, associate, for a restoration of Crosby Place, Bishopsgate, as it may be supposed to have existed in the 16th century. To the medallion, a premium of ten guineas has, on this occasion, been annexed, by the liberality of Miss Hackett, the lady to whose antiquarian taste and zeal the public are mainly indebted for the preservation of the Hall and other remains of this beautiful monument of the domestic architecture of the middle ages. The medal of the Institute was awarded to an essay "On the effects which should result to Architectural Taste, from the general use of Iron in the Construction of Buildings." In this essay, (which was read to the meeting,) the writer argued, that a new style of architecture ought to arise from the introduction of a new material, to the extent to which the practical application of cast iron may be, and indeed has already been, carried; and that it is a blot upon the inventive faculties of the age, that art has done little or nothing with a material which has proved of such vast importance in the hands of science. It was further argued, that nothing, probably, but prejudice stands in the way of the development of as much beauty, in a style adapted to the extensive employment of cast iron, as in styles adapted to marble, or any other material. Instead of working upon such a principle, the modern architect has, hitherto, used one of his most important powers in construotion only in disguise-misled by preconceived ideas on taste. In considering the characteristics of Gothic architecture, which formed a second division of this essay, this practice was shewn to be still more absurd, since cast iron lends itself with the utmost facility to this style, especially in its earlier periods, when it appears to have been a principle to reduce the supports, not only apparently, but really, to a minimum, of which the Lady Chapel of Salisbury offers proof.

In

this portion of his subject, therefore, the writer sought to reconcile the use of cast iron with existing principles of taste, and pointed out the peculiar modes which the architects of the middle ages adopted in tracery when executed in metal, as evinced by the screens of Edward IV. and Henry

VII.'s tombs, contrasting them with modern cast-iron window frames modelled upon precedents in stone. The conclusion drawn was, that whenever prejudice shall give way, and iron be recognized as a legitimate resource in art, new architectonic combinations will be produced; and that in Gothic architecture especially, we shall have at our command effects, of which our predecessors could only dream, although they made bold efforts to realize them.

The Honorary Secretary reported, that an answer to the address of the Institute to Prince Albert had been received through the hands of the President, Earl De Grey, and that H. R. H. had been graciously pleased to become the Patron of the Institute.

NEW CHURCHES.

Nov. 17. A new church, named Christ church, at Bradford, Wilts, was consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury. The architect is G. H. Manners, esq. of Bath, and the builder Mr. C. Jones of Bradford. It is of freestone, with a handsome tower and spire, and, standing on the top of the hill leading to Bath, shows itself for many miles round. The windows are good; and the stained glass of the east window, by Mr. Ward, of Frith-street, Soho, is an admirable imitatiou of the ancient style. It was the gift of several ladies of Bradford and the neighbourhood.

Nov. 23. A new chapel at Cornish Hall End, Finchingfield, Essex, was consecrated by the Bishop of London. The style is plain Early English. It is built of red brick with white brick buttresses and dressings: at the west end is a bell tower of Bath stone; and at the east end is a large window with painted glass, presented by G. W. Gent, esq. of Moyns Park, who also gave the site. It contains free sittings for 375, and 96 seats in pews.

Dec. 14. The new church of St. Andrew, at Deptford, in the parish of Bishop Wearmouth, was consecrated by the Bishop of Durham. It is large and commodious, being 110 feet 9 inches long, by 54 feet broad, and is capable of seating about 1300 or 1400 persons.

Dec. 16. The church of Llangorwen, near Aberystwith, was consecrated by Dr. Thirlwall, Bishop of St. David's. The consecration service was translated into Welsh for the occasion, and, with the exception of the sermon, the whole morning service was in that language. The consecration of a church in Welsh is quite a new era in the history of the Principality, and reflects much credit on the

diocesan, who has mastered the language since he was appointed to the see.

Dec. 20. The church of St. Andrew, in South Conduit-street, Bethnal-green, was consecrated by the Bishop of Lon. don. The structure is in the Norman style, and has a brick front with stone dressings, and three turrets. Cost about 4000/. It contains about 1100 sittings, which are free.

Dec. 24. The Bishop of Chester consecrated the church recently erected at Weston Point, near Runcorn, by the Trustees of the River Weaver, for the use of the watermen, haulers, and others, under an act of parliament. The church contains 350 sittings, all of which are entirely free and unappropriated. The act of parliament provides that the stipend of the minister shall not be less than 100/. per annum, and shall not exceed 1507.

Feb. 8. St. John's church, Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire, recently erected by the Bowling Iron Work Company, was consecrated by the Bishop of Ripon. The tower and spire are 120 feet high; the accommodation is for 800 persons; the cost 4000/.

Feb. 19. The district church of St. Peter, in the parish of Kingston-uponThames, which is built in the Anglo-Norman style, Messrs. Scott and Moffatt being the architects, was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester. H. R. H. the Duke of Cambridge was present at the ceremony, having previously given testimony of his interest in the work by a donation of 1001. The Bishop was received by the Mayor and Corporation of Kings. ton, and by about fifty of the clergy. The church, the simple beauty of which was much admired, was built by Messrs. Watson, of Kingston, and cost (inclusive of 3001. for the purchase of the site, 1177. for the communion plate, with the una.

tributed 5007., the Independant Church Building Society 300l. and the Diocesan Society 3007. the remainder having been raised by the free offerings of the parish and neighbourhood, except nearly 2001. deficient at the time of consecration. The church is complete, with the exception of an organ, and a screen behind the communion table. This is the fourth church consecrated in the parish of Kingston within the last ten years.

Feb. 25. St. Mary's church, Spitalsquare, was consecrated by the Bishop of London. This building was formerly a chapel, erected in 1775 by Sir George Wheler, whose name it bore. Recently some inhabitants of the parish, with a desire to place it on a more solid foundation for the benefit of the Norton Falgate and Artillery ground district, succeeded in raising contributions to the amount of 34087. 15s. 6d. For the purposes of repairing, enlarging, and beautifying this chapel the sum of 43851. 7s. 6d. has been expended. Accommodation has thus been provided for 620 persons, including 150 free sittings.

Measham church, Derbyshire, a venerable fabric of much architectural beauty, had gone far into decay, but is now by new roofing, opening windows before closed, and repairing the walls, in course of restoration, as near as may be, to its original condition. The parishioners, with the ministers and churchwardens, have gone to the work right heartily. The contemplated outlay is 14007. and this is to be met, partly by rate, and partly by a spirited and liberal subscription now in progress among the principal proprietors, &c. The Queen Dowager, with her accustomed kindness and liberality, has sent 201.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.

Feb. 24. W. R. Hamilton, esq. V.P. in the chair.

William Evans, esq. of Chertsey, late Sheriff of London and Middlesex, and William Sidney Gibson, esq. of Exeter and Lincoln's Inn, F.G.S. and author of The Certainties of Geology, were elected Fellows.

Sir F. Madden communicated a copy of a very interesting letter written to John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, one of the most powerful leaders of the Yorkists, at the beginning of the year 1454, afford

ing much curious information relative to the state of parties at that period, and the proceedings preparatory to the leading peers of the country meeting in London during the term. The King was then suffering from a disease which affected his mind, and mention is made of his not noticing his infant son when presented to him by the Queen and the Duke of Buckingham. The secret practices of the Duke of Somerset, then in prison, are pointed out; and an important notice given of certain articles stipulated by the Queen, and hitherto unknown to our historians, which, if conceded, would have