The bulk of the whole book has been increased by nearly 70 pages.

I venture to call attention to the prospectus of new books on Africa, which I have in preparation, to be found at the end of this volume.

I record my thanks to the undermentioned gentlemen for their kindness in helping or in giving me information with regard to this work.

To the President and Council of the Royal Geographical Society, for granting copies of the larger of the two maps.

To the Committees of the "Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin Mission to Central Africa," for promoting the circulation of this book.

To His Excellency Sir George Grey, K.C.B., &c., Governor of the Cape, for a valuable present of books relating to Africa, and for information and encouragement given.

To the Lord Bishops of Capetown and Oxford, for their energetic help afforded in the cause of Africa.

To the Reverend Dr Whewell, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, for his great kindness; and for allowing me to print Dr Livingstone's letter addressed to him1.

To the Reverend Professor Sedgwick, for his valuable prefatory letter, which eloquently speaks for itself.

To the Reverend Professors Selwyn (Cambridge) and Heurtley (Oxford) for revising the MSS.; and to Dr

1 See page 376.

Lee of Hartwell Park, Buckinghamshire, and Professor Harold Browne, Cambridge, for correcting the Press.

To Rear-Admiral W. H. Smyth, for allowing me to quote the letter addressed to him by Sir H. Barth'; and for other kind offices.

To Captains Bedingfeld2, Burton, and Speke; as well as to Messrs Consul M.Leod and Petherick, and the Astronomer Royal at the Cape, for valuable information and encouragement given.

The first edition was published in the midst of the turmoil, labours and ceaseless cares inseparable from the daily life of a laborious clergyman in a large poor parish;

under such circumstances the volume was received indulgently, its usefulness having somewhat atoned for its errors and peculiar character. Although I have for some months past given up that responsible charge, still this second edition appears amid greater labours and more pressing distractions than even did the first; hence I crave the same indulgence for this edition on the same grounds.

The consolation remains that any needful work entered on in faith and prayer having for itself right motives and good ends, and especially when cautiously commenced after its full cost has been reasonably counted, may well be carried forward with spirit and energy in humble dependence on the DIVINE BLESSING.

AUBREY VILLA,

Cambridge, 1st May, 1860.

WILLIAM MONK.

1 See page 47, note.

2 See page 26, &c.

LIFE OF DR LIVINGSTONE.

AVID LIVINGSTONE is a Scotchman, and one whom

DA

his nation may well delight to honour. He is a man of noble heart and soul, as is shewn by high resolve, energetic and successful action, Christian character, and unselfish aim.

The Scottish nation stands out boldly in the history of great achievement; especially in Travel. Here is a golden chain of names eminent in exploration: Mungo Park, Bruce, Buchanan, Moffat, Livingstone. The last the greatest of all. It appears from his own statement, that his great grandfather. fought at Culloden, and that his grandfather was a small farmer at Ulva, one of the cluster of the Hebrides. Like Sir Walter Scott, Burns, and others, his mind, in childhood. and youth, was much influenced by the Gaelic and Scottish legends of years bye-gone. His grandfather could recount the lives of his forefathers for six generations, who it appears were remarkable for uprightness of character. One of them, on his death-bed, charged his family with a remembrance of this fact, and left them the motto for practical application, 66 BE HONEST." This motto has doubtless influenced Dr.

Livingstone's own character; for he is ever desirous to appear himself, and to place all else with which he has to do, in a truthful unadorned light. His grandfather removed from his farm at Ulva to the Blantyre Cotton Works, near Glasgow, where he and his sons found employment. Dr Livingstone's father alone remained at home, and gained an honest livelihood as a small tea-dealer; the others all became either soldiers or sailors in His Majesty's Service during the late French war. All parents may well learn wisdom by the example and influences exercised by those of the Doctor on himself. Hear what he says of his father especially :-" He deserved my lasting gratitude and homage for presenting me from infancy with a continuously consistent pious example, such as that the ideal of which is so beautifully and truthfully portrayed in Burns' 'Cotter's Saturday Night.'. He died in February 1856, in peaceful hope of that mercy which we all expect through the death of our Lord and Saviour: I was at the time on my way below Zumbo, expecting no greater pleasure in this country than sitting by our cottage-fire, and telling him my travels. I revere his memory."

Dr Livingstone became a "piecer" in the factory at the age of 10. Now notice an instance of "the boy being the father of the man." With part of his first week's wages he bought Ruddiman's "Rudiments of Latin," and studied this language afterwards at night for a long time. In this disadvantageous manner he made steady progress. Surely hereby many a poor aspiring student, who is perchance engaged in "the pursuit of knowledge under difficulties," may take courage, and keep in mind the end achieved by this

truly great man. On the other hand, the idle unprincipled student, who for years may have wasted his precious intellectual substance in riotous living; who deserves not the name of Student, but who has spurned the high gifts of intellect, teaching, and opportunity, as being of nothing worth; and who, as a consequence, begins when too late to feel within himself the degrading impotency of a blighted mind, together with the dark forebodings of a soul unblest—such an one must feel miserable and condemned, in pondering the noble issue of an early struggle such as this—an issue which compresses the ordinary doings of an age isolated by long periods before, and possibly by wider æras after its dawn, into the short life of one self-denying, self-dependent, God-fearing man.

The dictionary part of his labours he pursued till 12 or later at night, returning to the factory at 6 a. m., and staying till 8 p.m.

Like many others of his mould, he was a great reader in his youthful days. Scientific works and books of travel were his especial delight. After much anxious inquiry he found comfort in ascertaining that true Science and philosophy are not the foes, but the handmaids of religion. A misapprehension of this fact was for centuries one of the greatest stumbling-blocks to the schoolmen. Livingstone not only reconciled these rocks of offence to his conscience, but became more thoughtful and decided on the vital questions of religion. By God's grace he resolved to act for both worlds: examining, like a wise master-builder, the foundation of his hopes for the life to come, but still determining to do his duty while he sojourned here on earth.