muel des Marets, profeffor of Groningen, who had writters against him with all the sharpness imaginable; which produced a fhort, but a very warm, conteft between them, in which mr. Daillé did not come off intirely clear and free from blame in this refpect. He died at Paris upon the 15th of April 1670; having never experienced throughout his whole life any thing to call illness, except that in the year 1650, he was fuddenly seized with a lethargic or apoplectic diforder, in which he lay ten or eleven days, apparently Ibid. p. 32. without a poffibility of recovering. He left a vaft reputation behind him; and the proteftants ufed to fay in France, that Patin's let-they had had no better writer fince Calvin than mr. Daillé." Befides controverfial and other writings, mr. Daillé published a vast number of fermons; as many as amounted to near twenty volumes. He is very clear, both with regard to Daillé, Re- the expreffion, and to the difpofition of his fubject. He was plique a A.. reproached by one of his adverfaries with ftealing feveral things from dr. Davenant, in his Expofition of the epiftle to the Coloffians; but he answered the charge.

ters. v. iii.

P. 46.

dam & a

Cottiby, part iii. C. 5.

Mr. Daillé married in the Lower Poitou, in the month of May 1625; and his wife died the 31st of May 1631, leaving him only one fon, of whom the lay in at the house of the Abrege, &c. Dutch ambaffador, the 31st of October 1628. She had taP. 12, 15, ken refuge there, because the proteftants were afraid, left

the news of the taking of Rochelle might raise popular tumults among them. them. This only fon, whofe name was Hadrian Daillé, was received a minifter in the year 1653. He had continued his theological studies with his father for several years, when the confiftory of Rochelle invited him thither. Five years after, that is, in 1658, he was chosen a Ibid. p. 29, minifter of Paris, and became a collegue with his father. He 30. was alive at the revocation of the edict of Nants, and, then retiring to Switzerland, died at Zurich in May 1690. All his manufcripts, among which were feveral works of his father's, were carried to the public library. He wrote that abridgment of his father's life, from which we have chiefly collected the materials of this article. It is remarkable, that mr. Daillé the father, though a widower of thirty-feven, never attempted to marry again.

Baillet

Jugemens des fcavans, tom. vi.

DALECHAMPS (JAMES) an eminent and learned phyfician, was born of a gentleman's family at Caen in Normandy, in the year 1513. He was excellently skilled in the belles lettres, and was the author of fome works, which

fhewed

fhewed his learning to be very univerfal. He wrote a general hiftory of plants, which confifted of eighteen books, in French; three books De pefte; and Scholia in Pauli Æginetæ, lib. vii. He publifhed Pliny's Natural history with notes, which Scaliger was greatly prejudiced againft, before it appeared; thinking, that Dalechamps, though otherwife a very learned man, had not talents for a work of that nature. "I know, fays he, that Dalechamps is one of thofe Prima Sca« rafh critics, who take the liberty of ftriking out of an au- ligerona, g "thor, all words that do not please them, and of fubftituting 69. " often worse in their place." It feems however, that Scaliger was happily deccived; at least he owns in another place, that Dalechamps's edition of Pliny was the best which P. 189. had appeared. He tranflated alfo into Latin the fifteen books of Athenæus, and spent, it is faid, thirty years about it. Cafaubon obferves, that, "content with expreffing the sense Præf. ad " of his author, he was little follicitous about adhering to animadv. in "his words; nevertheless, that whoever will be at the pains "to compare the tranflation with the original, will find no great reafon to be diffatisfied with the tranflator." Dalechamps practifed phyfic at Lyons from the year 1552 to the year 1588, when he died, aged feventy-five.

Athen.

Oxon. 1740

DAMASCENUS (JOHN) an illuftrious father of the Cave, hift. church in the eighth century, was born at Damafcus, where literar. t. i his father, though a Chriftian by birth and education, had P. 624. the place of counfellor of ftate to the Saracen caliph. He Bayle's dia. was liberally educated in his father's houfe by a private tutor, under whom he made a very great progrefs in all kinds of literature, and alfo imbibed a ftrong zeal for religion: and he was thought a man of fuch uncommon parts and attainments, that, at the death of his father he fucceeded him in the place of counsellor of ftate. In the year 728, when the controverfy about images was warmly agitated, he shewed himself extremely zealous for them; and difperfed letters through the empire, to fupport their caufe against the efforts of the emperor Leo Ifauricus, who opposed them vehemently. Some of thefe letters fell into the hands of Leo, who, they fay, was fo exafperated at the zeal of Damafcenus, that he contrived the following expedient, in order to be revenged on him. He caufed the hand-writing of them to be fo well ftudied by a penman, fkilled in the art of counterfeiting hands, that it was impoffible to diftinguish the true from the falfe. Then he caused a letter to be written, wherein he

makes

makes Damafcenus advife Leo to fend fome troops towards Damafcus; and promifed him, as governor of the place, to order all things in fuch a manner, that the taking of it should be infallible. After which, he sent this letter to the prince of the Saracens; and gloried very much in refufing to take advantage of a traitor's perfidy, and in having the generofity to discover to the caliph the treafon of one of his fubjects. The caliph, without hearing the proteftations of innocence which Damafcenus made, and without fuffering him to difcover Leo's artifice, commanded that hand, with which he fuppofed he had written so treasonable a letter, to be immediately ftruck off, and ordered it to be publickly exposed on a gibbet to the fight of the whole city. John of Jerufalem, who wrote the life of Damafcenus, relates this account; and adds a further miraculous circumftance, that the virgin Mary, upon the application of Damafcenus, who was earneft to have a proof of his innocence, caufed, by her interceffion with her Son, his hand to be joined again to his arm, with only a circle above his wrift, to fhew where it had been cut off. But the story itself, as well as the miracle which belongs to it, has been queftioned greatly, and even rejected by fome. After this, Damafcenus obtained leave of the caliph to retire from public affairs, and to spend the remainder of his days in folitude; and with this view, after he had fold his goods and poffeffions, and diftributed the money to the poor, he went to Jerufalem, where he shut himself up in the monaftery of St. Sabas. There he set himself to write books of divinity about the year 730, and continued to do so to the time of his death. The monk, who was chofen for his fpiritual director, injoined him perpetual filence; and, because he did not observe the faid injunction, turned him out of his cell, and ordered him, for penance, to empty the filth of the monaftery; but, feeing him ready to obey, he difpenfed with his doing it, and affectionately embraced him. Damafcenus was ordained prieft towards the latter end of his life by the patriarch of Jerufalem, and returned immediately to his monaftery. He died about the year 750, leaving behind him many compofitions of various kinds. His works have been often printed; but the best edition of them is that of Paris 1712, in two volumes, folio.

DAMASCIUS, a celebrated heathen philofopher and writer, of the ftoic fchool, as fome fay, of the peripatetic according to others, was born at Damafcus, and flourished fo

late

t. ix.

late as the year 540, when the Goths reigned in Italy. If great Fabric. masters can make a man a great scholar or philofopher, Damaf- Bibl. Græc. cius must have been one; for he feems to have had every ad- Cave, Hift. vantage of this kind. Theon, we are told, was his master in literar. rhetoric; Ifidorus in logic; Marinus, the fucceffor of Proclus in the fchool of Athens, in geometry and arithmetic ; Zenodotus, the fucceffor of Marinus, in philofophy; and Ammonius in aftronomy, and the doctrines of Plato. He wrote the life of his mafter Ifidorus, and dedicated it to Theodora, a very learned and philofophic lady, who had been a pupil of Ifidorus. In this life, which was copiously written, Damafcius frequently attacked the Chriftian religion; yet obliquely, it is faid, and with fome referve and timidity; for Christianity was then too firmly established, and protected by its numbers, to endure any longer the bare-faced infolence of paganism. Of this life however we have nothing remaining, but fome extracts which Photius has preserved; who also acquaints us with another work of Damafcius, of the philofophic, or, if you will, of the theologic kind. This was divided into four books; the first of which was De admirandis operibus, the fecond Admirandæ narrationes de dæmonibus, the third De animarum apparitionibus poft obitum admirandæ narrationes, the fourth we know not what, the title not being preferved. If this work had been extant, we should probably have had another proof, that the heathens of those times were no lefs credulous and fuperftitious, than the Chriftians of thofe times; but it is loft. Damafcius fucceeded Theon in the rhetorical school, over which he prefided nine years, and afterwards Ifidorus in that of philofoply at Athens, in which fituation it is fuppofed that he spent the latter part of his life.

DAMIAN (PETER) cardinal and bishop of Oftia, flou- Bayle's diet. rished in the eleventh century, and seems to have been a very honest man. He had been a Benedictine, and, it is thought, would always have preferred folitude to the dignities of the church, if he had not been forced, as it were, to accept them. He publickly condemned the liberty which the popes took of opposing the emperors in the way of war; affirming, that the offices of emperor and pope are distinct, and that the emperors ought not to meddle with what belongs to the popes, nor the popes with what belongs to the emperors. "As the Son of "God, fays he, furmounted all the obftacles of worldly "power, not by the feverity of vengeance, but by the lively VOL. IV. C 66 majefty

Du Pleffis, Mystere d'iniquité. P. 228.

majesty of an invincible patience, so has he taught us rather "to bear the fury of the world with conftancy, than to take "up arms against those who offend us, especially fince be"tween the royalty and the priesthood there is fuch a distinc"tion of offices, that it belongs to the king to use secular "arms, and to the priest to gird on the sword of the Spirit, "which is the word of God," &c. This was ftrange doctrine to come from a cardinal: what would the popes, Alexander VI. or Julius II. have faid to it? Damian described alfo in a very lively manner the enormous vices of his age, in several of his works; in his Gomorrhæus particularly, which, though pope Alexander II. thought fit to fupprefs, has nevertheless been preferved. Controverfial writers have spoken much of this work; and the famous du Pleffis Mornay has given us the following account of it. "By reafon of the laws "enjoining celibacy, fodomy is fo prevalent among the Ro"man clergy, that Peter Damian, who was then retired to "his hermitage, was obliged to write a book concerning it, "intitled Gomorrhæus, wherein he lays open the feveral fpe"cies of that fin; and he dedicated it to Leo IX. adjuring him "to provide against it. Baronius himself acknowledges it in "thefe words-Briars and nettles had overrun the house"holder's field: all flesh had corrupted its way, and there was "need not only of a deluge to wash, but of fire from heaven "to confume us as Gomorrah.-Whereupon Leo made fome "regulations, and ordained fome punishments: but foon af❝ter he loft the favour of Leo; and Alexander II. being then "advanced to the papal chair, tricked him out of his book, "under colour of giving it to the abbot of St. Saviour to tran"fcribe, pretending, that he had spoken too immodeftly, "as if fuch ordures could be ftirred without raising a stink: "of which action the good man bitterly complains," &c. Mr. Bayle has here obferved one thing, very remarkable; which is, that Baronius, as great a friend as he was to the fee of Rome, and as zealously as he has fupported its credit and authority, has yet deceived the proteftants, Mornay as we have feen, in regard to the idea of Damian's Gomorrhæus ; deceived them too to the disadvantage and difcredit of his own communion. For it appears from the book, that Damian has not represented the crying fin of fodomy to be univerfal in the church of Rome, but as only committed by fome ecclefiaftics of the pope's quarters; that is, in the neighbourhood of Mount Apennine, whither he himself had retired, and where

he