free handling, and a fine character in his heads, form the principal features in his productions. But in many of his pictures there is feeble and incorrect colouring. He died at Rome, in 1691.

BRANDIS, (John Frederic,) professor of civil law, born in 1760, and educated, with a view to his profession, at Gottingen. His known profound and extensive acquaintance with the subject which he was elected to discuss and elucidate in public, together with a peculiar aptitude for his profession, excited the highest expectations at the university of Gottingen, where he was suddenly and prematurely cut off, in the thirtieth year of his age, just when he was preparing to deliver his course of lectures. He died in 1790. (Biog. Univ.)

BRANDMULLER, (Gregory,) an eminent Swiss painter, born at Basle, in 1661. He was the son of a member of the council, and his father possessing a collection of drawings and prints, Brandmuller evinced an early inclination for the art, by copying some of them. He was placed under the tuition of an obscure painter, called Caspar Meyer. At the age of seventeen he was sent to Paris, and had the advantage of studying under Le Brun, who found sufficient ability in his pupil to entrust him to paint from his designs in the works in which he was then engaged at Versailles, which he accomplished to the entire satisfaction of his master, and shortly after obtained the prize at the Royal Academy at Paris. On his return to Switzerland, he was invited to the courts of Wirtemberg and Baden Dourlach, where he met with great encouragement. He excelled in historical pieces and portraits, and his genius resembled that of Le Brun, his subjects being full of spirit, and treated with elevation and grandeur: his design is correct, and his expression animated and just. He had a good method of colouring, laying on each mass in so proper a manner as to avoid breaking his tints, which made his colours retain their original beauty and strength. He painted his portraits in an historical style, and was generally commended for the fidelity of his likenesses.

BRANDMULLER, (James,) an eminent lawyer, born at Basil, in 1617, and educated partly in that city and partly at Montbeliard. After taking his master's degree, in 1634, he applied himself particularly to the study of civil law, and travelled for some time in France, England, Holland, and Germany, where he

established a correspondence with the literati of these countries. In 1649 he was made doctor of laws, and in 1652, professor of the Institute at Basil, and subsequently professor of the Pandects. In private life he was much esteemed; and besides his fame as a lawyer, he was well acquainted with Roman antiquities and polite literature in general. He died in 1677,

BRANDO, (John,) a Flemish historian, born towards the close of the fourteenth century. He has left an unpublished chronicle, containing a history of the world from the creation down to his own time. Meyer acknowledges that he was largely indebted to this work in the compilation of his Annals. It was ordered in 1827, by the then government, that this work of Brando's should be forthwith printed among other unpublished documents; but the revolution of 1830 put a stop to the execution of the project.

BRANDOLESE, (Pietro,) an Italian bibliographer, born at Lendinaria, in 1754. The narrow circumstances of his family obliged him in early life to seek for support by the exercise of his pen. His first occupation, which he found in the library of Albrizzi, at Venice, afforded him valuable opportunities for improving his knowledge of bibliography, history, and the fine arts; and he soon afterwards, in 1778, commenced trade as a bookseller at Padua, close to the university, where he was so fortunate as to attract the notice of the chevalier Giovanni de Lazara, who appointed him his assistant in the office of inspector-general of the paintings in the city and surrounding territory. Here also he had ample opportunities for the further extension of his knowledge and the refinement of his taste. Besides a new edition, which he superintended, of cardinal de Brienne's Serie dell' Edizioni Aldine, per Ordine Cronologico ed Alfabetico, he published several works of his own, which have obtained a very high and deserved reputation. Of these may be mentioned his Pitture, Sculture, Architetture, ed altre Cose notabili di Padova, Monumente descritte, 1795, 8vo. This work is highly commended by Lanzi, who has made considerable use of it in his History of Painting. His writings were highly prized likewise by Morelli, Borromeo, Bartolis, Gennari, and Cesarotti. died at Venice in 1809. (Biog. Univ. and Biograf. Univ.)

He

BRANDOLINI, (Aurelio,) surnamed Lippo, from having become blind in

his infancy, was of a noble family of Florence, about the middle of the 15th century. He was an orator, poet, theologian, philosopher, and musician. Being called to Hungary by king Mathias Corvino, when he founded the new university at Buda, in 1484, Brandolini was appointed professor of rhetoric, and became so great a favourite with that sovereign and his queen Beatrice, that they often consulted him in the most important affairs. On the death of king Mathias, in 1490, Aurelio returned to Florence, entered the congregation of the Eremitani Brothers of St. Augustin, in the convent of St. Maria, and turned the whole force of his mind to preaching. The success he met with in this new avocation would be almost incredible, were it not minutely detailed by several contemporary writers. He died at Rome of the plague, in 1497. Brandolini has left many works upon different subjects, both in prose and in verse; and it is a matter of surprise how a blind man could have acquired so much knowledge and written so much. Amongst them there are Paradoxa Christiana, Dialogus de Humanæ Vitæ Conditione, and De Ratione Scribendi Libri III. which is considered the most remarkable for the clearness of the style, the elegance of the language, and the profundity of the knowledge displayed in it.

BRANDOLINI, (Raffaello,) younger brother of the preceding, and for the same cause of being blind surnamed Lippo, was likewise a great scholar, orator, antiquarian, and one of the most extraordinary extempore poets of his age. He was born at Florence, about the year 1465, and acquired so great a reputation, that, being at Naples when Charles VIII., king of France, took possession of that kingdom, Brandolini spoke extempore before that sovereign a Latin oration in his praise, which he afterwards turned into Latin verse. The death of his brother, which happened two years after, called him to Rome, where he taught rhetoric, and became known to pope Leo X., by whom he was so esteemed, that he called him Oculus Pontificis, and assigned him apartments in the Vatican. The exact time of his death is not known, but it must have taken place after the year 1514, as some of his letters bear that date. The only work of his which has been published is a Latin dialogue, entitled Leo, in praise of pope Leo X. and the family of De Medici, in which he has introduced an interesting account of the history of that time. Maz

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zuchelli mentions several treatises and letters of his.

BRANDON, (Charles,) duke of Suffolk, a favourite of Henry VIII. His distinguished bravery, refined manners, and courteous behaviour, rendered him universally popular. At the tournament of St. Denys, in honour of Mary, sister of Henry, who married Louis XII. of France, he was attacked by a powerful and gigantic German, at the instigation of the French, who were envious of his reputation; but he repulsed and overcame his antagonist: and Henault relates that his conduct was so noble, that it won the affections of the youthful bride, who, becoming a widow in three months after, soon offered him her hand and fortune. The marriage was accordingly celebrated with the king's permission. Brandon died in 1545, and his obsequies were observed with fitting solemnity by Henry's command.

BRANDT, (Sebastian,) surnamed TITIO, a lawyer and satiric poet, born at Strasburg, in 1458 according to some, but according to Haller, in 1454. After prosecuting his earlier studies at his native place, he proceeded to Basle, where he was made doctor and professor of law. His capacity for affairs now attracted general notice, and the emperor Maximilian I. made him his counsellor. He was afterwards appointed syndic and chancellor of Strasburg. He published several works, the principal of which is the celebrated satiric poem, entitled The Ship of Fools, written in German, in iambic verse. This was translated into Latin by James Locher, a pupil of his, Lyons, 1488; this date, however, cannot be correct, for there is in the work a letter of the translator, dated 1497. Another edition was printed at Paris, in 1498; and of this there is a copy in the Royal Library, printed on vellum. It has been translated into Dutch; into French verse, by Peter Riviere, Paris, 1497, in small fol.; and into English verse, by Alexander Barclay, 1509. Brandt died at Basle in 1520.

BRANDT, (Nicholas, or Sebastian,) a German chemist, born in the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is said that while employed in making some experiments upon urine, with a view to the discovery of a fluid by which he might convert silver into gold, he discovered the substance since called phosphorus: this took place in 1667, or, according to some, in 1669. He made known the result of his experiment, but

c 2

concealed the process, which, however, Kunckel, chemist to the elector of Saxony, easily guessed, and carried successfully into operation; hence it has been called Kunckel's phosphorus. (Chalmers. Rees's Cyclopædia.)

BRANDT, (Gerard,) a learned Arminian divine and ecclesiastical historian, born at Amsterdam, in 1626. His father was so distinguished for his knowledge of mechanics, that Descartes kept up a constant correspondence with him. Brandt soon made rapid progress in the learned languages, as well as in theology and philosophy, and became successively pastor of a congregation of the Remonstrants at Nieukoop and Amsterdam. While he was at the former place he married the daughter of Gaspard Barlæus, whose Latin poetry has been so much admired. He died in 1685. In his seventeenth year he composed a tragedy, which was regarded as a failure. His subsequent writings were numerous and popular, especially a Life of Admiral de Ruyter, and A History of the Reformation in the Low Countries, &c., 4 vols, 4to, 1671, afterwards abridged in a French translation, 3 vols, 12mo. Of this work, Pensionary Fagel observed to bishop Burnet, that it was worth learning the language in which it was written for the sole purpose of reading it. It was afterwards translated into English by John Chamberlayne. (Chalmers. Biog. Univ. Moreri.)

BRANDT, (Gaspard,) eldest son of the preceding, born in 1653, at Nieukoop. He studied theology and philosophy under Limborch. He removed from Schoonhoven, where he had been licensed to the pastorship of a congregation of Remonstrants, in 1673, to Rotterdam, and afterwards to Amsterdam, where he died in 1696. The best known of his works are the Life of Grotius, in Flemish, and of Arminius, in Latin. The latter was republished, with a preface and notes by Mosheim, at Brunswick, in 1725, in 8vo. (Chalmers. Biog. Univ.)

BRANDT, (Gerard,) younger brother of the preceding, born in 1657, and, with him, instructed in philosophy and divinity by Limborch. He died in 1683, at Rotterdam, where he had been minister of a congregation of Remonstrants. He translated Dr. Heylin's Quinquarticular History, and published, anonymously, in Flemish, a History of the Public Occurrences in Europe during the years 1674, 1675, besides a collection of

sixty-five sermons. (Chalmers. Biog. Univ.)

BRANDT, (John,) youngest brother of the two preceding, was born in 1660, and, after having officiated successively as pastor at Warmont and Hoorn, he was called to the Arminian church at the Hague, and afterwards to Amsterdam, where he died, in 1708. He published, in Flemish, some poems, a Life of St. Paul, 1695, and a Funeral Oration on Mary, Consort of William III., of England. In 1702 he published an interesting collection of letters, which throws much light upon the literary history of the seventeenth century; it is entitled, Clarorum Virorum Epistolæ centum ineditæ de vario Eruditionis Genere, ex Museo Johannis Brandt, G.F. (Gerardi Filii.) He also wrote a treatise against Leidekker, and published a selection from the harangues of John Isaac Pontanus, historiographer to the king of Denmark.

BRANDT, or BRANTZ, (John,) a learned philologer, born at Antwerp, in 1554. He studied successively at Louvain, Orleans, and Bourges; at which last place he received the degree of doctor of laws at the hands of the celebrated Cujacius. After travelling through Italy, and visiting the different learned associations there, he settled at Brussels for five years, and then removed to Antwerp, in 1591, and was appointed secretary of that city, where he died, in 1639, after having exemplarily discharged the duties of his office for thirty years. His modesty was equalled only by his diligence; and the whole of his studious life was regulated according to his maxim and his motto-Libenter, ardenter, constanter. Rubens married his daughter Isabella, so celebrated for her beauty, and so remarkable as being the model after which that great painter drew his female figures. Brandt's principal works are, Notæ cum Politica tum Criticæ in C. Julii Cæsaris et A. Hirtii Commentarios, with the text of Cæsar in Greek and Latin, &c. Frankfort, 1606, 4to; of which work a beautiful edition was published at Cambridge, in 1716; Elogia Ciceroniana Romanorum Domi Militiæque Illustrium, Antwerp, 1642, 4to; Vita Philippi Rubenii; this was the brother of the painter; Senator, sive de perfecti et veri Senatoris Officio, ib. 1633, 4to; Spicilegium Criticum in Apuleium, 1621.

BRANICKI, a distinguished Polish nobleman, general-in-chief of the kingdom, and a leading agent in the political

transactions of his time, born in 1691. Possessed of a princely fortune, his great political influence caused him to be regarded as the strongest barrier on the side of the nobles against the power of the crown. In 1752, having been foiled in an attempt to oppose the proceedings of Augustus III., he headed a party formed by the French ambassador, Count de Broglie, by whose assistance he hoped to mount the throne. But on the death of Augustus, the influence of Russia prevailed; and Branicki, seeing that all further resistance was vain, resolved to quit the field. On the elevation of Poniatowski, his brother-in-law, to the throne, he retired to his own estate, where he died not long afterwards, in 1771.

BRANKER, (Thomas,) an able mathematician, born in 1635, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford, of which he afterwards became a fellow; but, refusing to conform to the ceremonies of the Church of England, he left his fellowship in 1662. He conformed afterwards, how ever, was ordained, and was presented by Lord Brereton to the rectory of Tilston, which he soon afterwards resigned for the mastership of the school of Macclesfield, where he died in 1676. He published Doctrinæ Sphericæ Adumbratio, and Usus Globorum Artificialium; Oxford, 1662. He also translated Rhonnius's Introduction to Algebra, to which he prefixed a valuable table.

BRANT, (Joseph,) a celebrated Indian chief, was at the head of the Six Nations, so called, in the State of New York. Each of these was divided into three or more tribes, called the Turtle tribe, the Wolf tribe, the Bear tribe, &c. He was a Mohawk of pure Indian blood. His father, Brant, a chief, was denominated an Onondago Indian, and about the year 1756, had three sons in Sir Wm. Johnson's army. Young Brant was sent by Sir William to Dr. Wheelock's Indian charity school, at Lebanon Crank, now the town of Columbia, Connecticut; and after he had been there educated, employed his time in public business. His Indian name was Thayendanega. About the year 1762, a missionary to the Mohawks took Brant as his interpreter; but, the war obliging him to return, Brant remained, and went out with a company against the Indians, behaving so much like the christian and the soldier, that he gained great esteem. In 1765 his house was an asylum for the missionaries in the wilderness, and he exerted himself for

the religious instruction of his Indian brethren. In 1775 he visited England; and it was there perceived, of course after the education he had received, that he spoke and wrote the English language with tolerable accuracy. In the war, which commenced in that year, he attached himself to the British cause. The barbarities attending the memorable destruction of the beautiful settlement of Wyoming, in July 1778, have been incorrectly ascribed to him by the writers of American history. Brant, however, was the undisputed leader of the band which, in July 1779, destroyed the settlement of Minisink, in Orange County, New York, a few miles from West Point. In June he left Niagara, with about three hundred warriors of the Six Nations, for the purpose of destroying the settlements upon the Delaware river. After the peace of 1783, Brant visited England; and afterwards returned to Upper Canada, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1785 he, in self-defence, killed one of his sons, who, in a fit of drunkenness had attempted his life. In consequence of this act he resigned his commission of captain in the British service, and surrendered himself to justice; but lord Dorchester, the governor, would not accept his resignation. He died at his seat in Upper Canada, at the head of Lake Ontario, in 1807. (Allen's Amer. Biog. Phil. Trans. vol. Ìxxvi. 231. Weld's Travels, ii. 247.)

BRANTOME, (Peter de Bourdeilles), a French abbot and courtier in the service of Charles IX. and Henry III., and chamberlain to the duke of Alençon, born at Perigord, in 1527. The opportunities which his official duties afforded him of witnessing the privacy of the court, and the ease and frankness with which he has related all that he heard and saw, have placed his Memoirs at the head of that department of French literature, and have secured for them an extensive and lasting popularity. His anecdotes present an animated picture of the age in which he lived; the restless activity of his inquisitive spirit made him well acquainted with those minuter transactions which the dignity of history seldom stoops to notice, and his vanity led him to seek from a lively and faithful record of them the only reputation which his slender abilities could obtain. portraits, however, of Montmorency de l'Hôpital, Bayard, and Mary, queen of Scots, are well and pleasingly drawn. The first edition of his Memoirs was

His

printed at Leyden, by Elzevir, in 1666, 1667, in 10 vols, 12mo; a more complete edition (said to be the best) was printed at the Hague, 1740, 1741, in 15 vols, 12mo; and another at Paris, in 1787, in 8 vols, 8vo. Brantome died in 1614, aged 87. BRANWHITE, (Peregrine,) author of various poems, born at Lavenham, Suffolk, in 1745, died in London, 1794. BRARENS, (Henry,) a Danish naval officer, born 1745; he published a System of Practical Navigation, and died in 1826. BRASAVOLA, or BRASAVOLO, (Antonio Musa,) one of the most celebrated physicians of his day, was born at Ferrara, Jan. 16, 1500. He studied in the university of his native place, under Leoniceno and Manardi, and distinguished himself at an early age by his acquaintance with botanical and medical science. He was the friend and physician of Ercolo II., fourth duke of Ferrara, and prince of Este, whom he accompanied in his travels, and was with him in Paris, in 1528, when he espoused the daughter of Lewis XII. The popes Paul III., Leo X., Clement VII., and Julius III., appointed him archiater; and he was also consulting physician to Charles V., to Henry VIII., king of England, and to Francis I., who decorated him with the order of St. Michael, and gave to him the name of Musa, (evidently in allusion to Antonius Musa, physician to Augustus, and celebrated by Horace and Pliny,) upon occasion of his delivering a Thesis De Omni Scibili, in which he displayed his extensive learning. Upon his return to Ferrara, he resumed the duties of a chair of philosophy, which he had formerly filled; and he also professed botany and medicine. He was esteemed a judicious observer, and a good practitioner, as well as an erudite physician. He introduced into Italy several important medicines as therapeutical agents; among which may be enumerated, guaiacum in syphilis; black hellebore in maniacal cases; and mercurial preparations in anthelmintics. He died at Ferrara, July 6, 1555, having published,-Examen Omnium Simplicium Medicamentorum, quorum Usus est in Publicis Officinis, Romæ, 1536, fol., Lugd. 1536, 1537, 1544, 1545, 1566, 8vo, with the Notes of A. Mundella, Basil, 1538, 1543, 4to; Venet. 1538, 1539, 1545, 8vo. This work has been erroneously attributed to the physician of Augustus, by Linnæus, in his Biblioth. Botan. De Syrupis Liber, Lugd. 1540, 8vo; Venet. 1545, 8vo.

Expositiones, Commentaria, et Annotationes in octo Libros Aphorismorum Hippocratis et Galeni, Basil, 1541, 1542, fol. Examen Omnium Catapotiorum, seu Pillularum, Basil, 1543, 4to; Lugd. 1546, 1566, 16mo. Quod Mors nemini placeat, Dialogus ad Illustr. Annam Estensem, Lugd. 1543, 8vo. In Libros Hippocratis et Galeni de Ratione Victûs in Morbis Acutis Comment. Venet. 1546, fol. Examen omnium Trochiscorum, Unguentorum, &c., quorum Ferrariæ est Usus, Venet. 1551, 8vo; Lugd. 1555, 16mo. Index refertissimus in omnes Galeni Libros, Venet. 1551, 1557, 1625, fol. De Medicamentis tam Simplicibus quam Compositis Catharticis, &c. Lugd. 1555, 16mo; Zurich, 1555, 8vo. Ratio Componendorum Medicamentorum Externorum, &c. Venet. 1555, 8vo; Lugd. 1555, 1577, 16mo. Tractatus de Usu Radicis Chinæ, et de Ligno Sancto. This is inserted in the work of Luisinus de Morbo Gallico. Venet. 1566, 1567, 2 vols, fol. edente Boerhaave, Lugd. Bat. 1728, 2 tom. fol.

BRASAVOLA, (Jerome), a physician, son of the preceding, born at Ferrara, May 25, 1536. Inferior to his father in merit and reputation, he yet distinguished himself in philosophy and in medicine. He was physician to Alfonso II., fifth duke of Ferrara, and was known as an eminent Greek scholar. He died in

1594, having published, De Officiis Libellus, Ferrar. 1590, 8vo. In Primum Aphorismorum Hippocratis Librum Expositio, ib. 1594, 1595, 4to.

BRÁSAVOLA, (Jerome,) a physician, the grandson of A. M. Brasavola, born at Ferrara, June 27, 1628. He was professor in the university of Ferrara, where he enjoyed the reputation of ability in philosophy, letters, and medicine. He was invited to Rome in 1651, and acquired much renown. Leo X. made him a chevalier, count palatine, and a Roman noble. He was also physician to Innocent XI. and XII., Alexander VIII., and Clement XI. He was likewise appointed physician to Christina, queen of Sweden. He died at Rome, July 31, 1705, having published, Problema an Clysteres nutriant? of which he sustained the affirmative; and it is to be found, together with a Letter to Lanzoni, printed in the Congressus Romanus Habitus in Edibus Hieronymi Brasavola, Romæ, 1682, 4to.

BRASBRIDGE, (Thomas,) a physician, born in Northamptonshire, in 1537, and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, of which he was elected fellow