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6. Punctuation.-The rules heretofore given for the use of commas in Simple Sentences apply to similar constructions in Compound Sentences. The only new point is, how to separate the members of a Compound Sen

tence.

7. RULE.-Separate short members of a Compound Sentence by commas; but if the members are long, and have commas within them, use the semicolon to divide the members.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. "Every man desireth to live long, but no man would be old "-short members separated by a comma. 2. "The genius making me no answer, I turned about to address myself to him; but I found that he had left me"-long member containing a comma; hence, divided from the other member by a semicolon.

Exercise 48.

A.

Contract the following COMPOUND SENTENCES, and state the nature of the contraction :

1. The jackal happened to be at a short distance, and the jackal was instantly dispatched on this important business.

2. The rice-plant grows in great abundance in India; the rice-plant grows in great abundance in China.

3. We examined their implements, we examined their clothes, we examined their food.

4. America exports cotton; England imports cotton.

5. The young soldier joined his regiment, and the young soldier was present at the battle.

B.

Contract the following four sentences into one CoмPOUND SENTENCE of nine words:

1. Frogs live on land. 2. Frogs live in water. 3. Seals live on land. 4. Seals live in water.

LII. ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

In analyzing a Compound Sentence, it is only necessary to mention of what statements (two or more) it is made up, to tell what Conjunction connects the statements, and then proceed to analyze the separate statements in precisely the same manner in which we analyzed Simple Sentences.

Model of Analysis.

The Revolutionary war lasted for seven years, and it ended in 1782.

This is a Compound Sentence. It is composed of the two statements, "The Revolutionary war lasted seven years;" "it ended in 1782." These statements are connected by the Co-ordinative Conjunction and.

The first statement is, "The Revolutionary war lasted for seven years," The simple Subject is "war." The Subject is enlarged by the Adjectives"the" and "Revolutionary." The simple Predicate is "lasted." The Predicate is enlarged by the Adverbial Phrase, "for seven years."

The second statement is, "It ended in 1782." The Subject is "it" -not enlarged. The simple Predicate is "ended." The Predicate is enlarged by the Adverbial Phrase, "in 1782."

Exercise 49.

Analyze the following COMPOUND SENTENCES:

1. The country was rich, and the city was the centre of its wealth. 2. The man recovered from the bite, but the dog died.

3. The army must gain a victory, or our cause will be ruined.

4. All the world is a stage, and all the men and women [are] merely players.

5. There were no more worlds to conquer; therefore Alexander wept. 6. Prosperity did not unduly elate Washington, nor did misfortuna cast him down.

LIII. MAKING COMPOUND SENTENCES.

1. We have had considerable practice in breaking up long, loose Compound Sentences into a series of Simple Sentences, each containing but one statement.

2. It is very clumsy to combine in one sentence a series of statements loosely connected by ands and ifs, buts and ors; and if the scholar has profited by the exercises given, he will have learned to avoid so faulty a way of writing and speaking.

3. But, at the same time, it is very important to be able to compose good Compound Sentences. If a letter or a composition consists of nothing but little Simple Sentences, it will be too much broken up. The following will illustrate this.

The Lion.

1. The lion is found in Africa. 2. The lion is found in Asia. 3. During the day the lion slumbers in his retreat. 4. Night sets in. 5. The lion then rouses himself from his lair. 6. The lion then begins to prowl. 7. In general, the lion waits in ambush. 8. The lion sometimes creeps toward his victim. 9. The lion seizes his victim with his powerful claws.

4. Here are nine sentences, and they are all Simple Sentences. The effect is not agreeable when you read this piece aloud. The sentences are too much of the same length. Then the words "the lion" occur too frequently, the writer apparently forgetting that there are such things as Pronouns, and that Pronouns stand for Nouns.

5. Sentences 1 and 2 should be brought together into one contracted Compound Sentence, thus:

1. The lion is found in Africa and in Asia.

6. Sentences 3, 4, 5, and 6 may be blended into one Compound Sentence, thus:

2. During the day he slumbers in his retreat; but, when night sets in, he rouses himself from his lair, and begins to prowl.

7. Sentence 7 may remain unchanged-a short Simple Sentence between two somewhat long Compound Sentences. The Pronoun he should, however, be substituted for "the lion," thus:

3. In general, he waits in ambush.

8. Sentences 8 and 9 should be connected into one Compound Sentence, thus:

4. Sometimes, however, he creeps toward his victim, and seizes it with his powerful claws.

9. The little composition now reads as follows, and is certainly much better than it was in its original form:

The lion is found in Africa and in Asia. During the day he slumbers in his retreat; but, when night sets in, he rouses himself from his lair, and begins to prowl. In general, he waits in ambush. Scmetimes, however, he creeps toward his victim, and seizes it with his powerful claws.

NOTE.-In writing the following Exercise, make any little changes that are needed to bring the pieces into good shape. The more thought you give to these exercises, the better will be the result. A great painter was once asked how he mixed his paints so as to produce such brilliant colors.

His reply was, "With brains, sir."

Exercise 50.

Combine the SIMPLE SENTENCES in each of the following paragraphs into COMPOUND SENTENCES where it is necessary, so as to produce a continuous narrative.

A.

The robin is a well-known bird. The robin is called the red-breast. The robin's breast is of a deep red orange color. The head is brown. The upper parts are brown. The head and upper parts are tinged with greenish olive.

B.

The whale is the largest animal known to us. times met with from sixty to seventy feet in length.

The whale is some

It is an inhabitant

of the seas within the Arctic Circle. It is an inhabitant of the seas within the Antarctic Circle. Whale-fishing is carried on to a considerable extent from this country. Many vessels proceed annually to it from New York, Boston, and San Francisco. This animal is valuable for its oil. We obtain oil from it. This oil is called blubber. This animal is valuable also for its whalebone. The whalebone is obtained from its mouth. There it acts as a sieve, to retain the food the whale obtains by straining the sea-water.

C.

A hungry dog had picked up a bone. He hurried away with it. He came to a nice clear brook. The brook was crossed by a plank. The sun shone brightly. The dog's shadow was made vivid in the water. He mistook it for another dog with a bone in his mouth. He coveted the second bone. He made a snap at the shadow. He took fright at his own ugly face. The face seemed to come quite close to him with open jaws. He ran yelping away. He lost both bones. He was thus the victim of his own greediness. He was thus the victim of his own cowardice.

D.

Alphonso was king of Sicily. Alphonso was king of Naples. Alphonso was remarkable for kindness to his subjects. Alphonso was remarkable for condescension to his subjects. At one time Alphonso was traveling privately through Campania. Alphonso came up to a muleteer. The muleteer's beast had stuck in the mud. The muleteer could not draw it out with all his strength. The poor man had implored the aid of every passenger in vain. He now sought assistance from the king. He did not know who the king was. Alphonso instantly dismounted from his horse. Alphonso helped the man. Alphonso soon freed the mule. Alphonso brought it upon safe ground. The muleteer learned that it was the king. The muleteer fell on his knees. The muleteer asked his pardon. Alphonso removed his fears. Alphonso told him that he had given no offense. This goodness of the king reconciled many to him. Many had formerly opposed him.

E.

The polar bear is of a white color. It is found in the Arctic regions. It leads almost entirely an aquatic mode of life in these regions. Its body is long. Its head is flat. Its muzzle is broad. Its mouth is peculiarly small. The paws are very large. They are covered on the under side with coarse hair. From the coarse hair, it derives security in walking over the slippery ice. The fur is long. The fur is woolly. It is of fine texture. It is of considerable value.

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