XXIV. REVIEW OF NOUNS.

I. A Noun may be used as the subject of a Verb; as, Columbus discovered America.

II. It may be used as the Predicate Nominative; as, The discoverer of America was Columbus.

III. It may be used as the object of a Verb; as, We should honor Columbus.

IV. It may be used as an Adjective; as, Columbus's discovery was a great event.

V. It may have an Explanatory use; as, That great man, Columbus, discovered America.

VI. It may be used with a Preposition to form a Phrase; as, A new continent was discovered by Columbus.

1. Nouns have precisely the same form when used as the Subjects of Verbs, as Predicate Nominatives, as the Objects of Verbs, as Explanatory, and in Phrases.

1. The sea [Subject] surrounds the globe.

2. Homer loved the sea [Object].

3. That great body of water, the sea [Explanatory], surrounds the globe.

4. Ships sail on the sea [Phrase].

2. The only change of form which the Noun undergoes is in its Adjective use. It then takes the form called the Possessive Case.

The sea's depth is many miles.

In my father's house are many mansions.

3. A Noun used as the Subject of a Verb or as a Predicate Nominative, is said to be in the Nominative Case; used as an Adjective, it is said to be in the Possessive Case; used as the Object of a Verb, or linked to another

word by a Preposition, it is said to be in the Objective Case. A regular arrangement of Cases is called Declen

Tell the CASE of each Noun:

1. A shepherd watches sheep.
2. Mary shall see the mayor.

3. The teacher's book fell on the floor.

4. John's little boy plays.

5. John's little boy, William, plays.

6. The whale is a mammal.

7. The horn of the hunter is heard on the hill.

8. The poet wrote charmingly.

9. The girls' bonnets are made of straw.

10. A man killed a tigress.

B.

Write five sentences on each of the following subjects. In the first bring in the Noun in its Subject use; in the second, in its Adjective use; in the third, in its Object use; in the fourth, in its Explanatory use [apposition]; in the fifth, in its Phrase use.

MODEL.-"The Ocean."

1. The ocean is the great body of water surrounding the globe. 2. The ocean's greatest depth has never been found out.

3. The Sandwich Islanders love the ocean.

4. That great body of water, the ocean, surrounds the globe.

5. The Atlantic cable runs under the ocean.

1. The Mississippi. 3. Mother.
2. The museum.

5. Paper. 4. Washington. 6. Tiger.

C.

Read aloud the following piece, and then make an abstract of it. Underline all the NOUNS.

THE GREAT BATTLE OF HASTINGS.

[DICKENS'S Child's History of England.]

There was one tall Norman knight who rode before the Norman army on a prancing horse, throwing up his heavy sword and catching it, and singing of the bravery of his countrymen. An English knight, who rode out from the English lines to meet him, fell by this knight's hand. Another English knight rode out, and he fell too. But then a third rode out and killed the Norman. This was the first beginning of the fight. It soon raged everywhere.

The English, keeping side by side in a great mass, cared no more for the showers of Norman arrows than if they had been showers of Norman rain. When the Norman horsemen rode against them, with their battleaxes they cut men and horses down. The Normans gave way. The English pressed forward. Duke William, the Norman commander, pretended to retreat. The eager English followed. Duke William's army turned again, and fell upon the English with great slaughter. The sun rose high, and sank, and the battle still raged. Through all the wild October day, the clash and din resounded in the air. In the red sunset, and in the white moonlight, heaps upon heaps of dead men lay strewn all over the ground. Harold, the Saxon king, wounded in the eye by an arrow, was nearly blind. His brothers were already killed. At length Harold, the king, received a mortal wound and dropped. The English broke and fled. The Normans rallied, and the day was lost.

Exchange papers, and write letters of criticism.

XXV. PRONOUNS.

Charles went to Paris with his mother, and he came back without her.

1. In this sentence, we make use of three little words called Pronouns. They are his, he, and her.

2. If we had not these words, we should be forced to say, "Charles went to Paris with Charles's mother, and Charles came back without Charles's mother."

3. DEFINITION.-Pronouns stand for Nouns.

4. There are two leading kinds of Pronouns: Personal Pronouns and Relative Pronouns.

The teacher will dictate, and the scholars will write the following sentences, underscoring the Pronouns :

1. William said to Charles, "I am weary of your questions ;" and he ceased to trouble him.

2. The mountain was higher than we expected it to be.

3. Tell me what brings you, gentle youth, to Rome.

4. Cæsar conquered Gaul with his legions.

5. My face is my fortune, sir, she said.

6. A tree is known by its fruit.

7. Let me die the death of the righteous.

8. Our inner monitor tells us that we are immortal.

9. Emily lent her cousin a novel.

10. They say that their hopes deceive them.

5. In these ten sentences we have written all the Personal Pronouns, and all their various forms.

6. I and We are called the Personal Pronouns of the First Person.

7. You is called the Personal Pronoun of the Second Person.

8. He, She, It, and They are called the Personal Pronouns of the Third Person.

10. The Pronouns have in general the same uses as Nouns; that is

I. They may be the Subjects of Verbs; as, We love; she loves. II. They may be used as Predicate Nominatives; as, That was he.

III. They may be the Objects of Verbs; as, John loves me.

IV. They may be used as Adjectives; as, My hat; his coat; your dog.

V. They may be used in Phrases; as, Mary goes with me; Richard is helped by him.

11. But there is this difference between Nouns and Pronouns, that, while Nouns used as Objects and in Phrases have the same form as Nouns used as Subjects, the Personal Pronouns have generally distinct forms for each use.

PERSONAL PRONOUN, FIRST PERSON.

12. The various forms taken by a Pronoun are called

its Cases.