4. Substantives are derived from adjectives.

5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives

1. Substantives are derived from verbs: as, from “to love," comes "lover;" from "to visit, visiter;" from "to survive, surviver," &c.

In the following instances, and in many others, it is difficult to determine, whether the verb was deduced from the noun, or the noun from the verb, viz. "Love, to love; hate, to hate; fear, to fear; sleep, to sleep; walk, to walk; ride, to ride; act, to act;" &c.

to

2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs: as, from the substantive salt, comes to salt;" from the adjective warm, warm;" and from the adverb forward," to forward." Sometimes they are formed by lengthening the vowel, or softening the consonant: as, from "grass, to graze. Sometimes by adding en; as, from "length, to lengthen;" especially to adjectives: as, from "short, to shorten;" bright, to brighten.'

3. Adjectives are derived from substantives, in the following manner: Adjectives denoting plenty, are derived from substantives by adding y; as, from "health, healthy; wealth, wealthy; might, mighty," &c.

Adjectives denoting the matter out of which anything is made, are derived from substantives by adding en: as, from “oak, oaken; wood, wooden; wool woollen," &c. Adjectives denoting abundance, are derived from substantives by adding ful: as, from "joy, joyful; sin, sinful; fruit, fruitful," &c.

Adjectives denoting plenty, but with some kind of diminution, are derived from substantives, by adding some: as, from "light, lightsome; trouble, troublesome; toil, toilsome," &c.

Adjectives denoting want, are derived from substantives, by adding less: as, from "worth, worthless;" from care, careless; joy, joyless," &c.

Adjectives denoting likeness, are derived from substantives, by adding ly: as, from "man, manly; earth, earthly; court, courtly," &c.

Some adjectives are derived from other adjectives, or from substantives, by adding ish to them; which termina

tion, when added to adjectives, imports diminution, or lessening the quality: as, "White, whitish;" i. e. somewhat white. When added to substantives, it signifies similitude, or tendency to a character: as, "Child, childish; thief, thievish."

Some adjectives are formed from substantives or verbs, by adding the termination able; and those adjectives signify capacity: as, " Answer, answerable; to change, changeable."

4. Substantives are derived from adjectives, sometimes by adding the termination ness: as, "White, whiteness; swift, swiftness:" sometimes by adding th or t, and making a small change in some of the letters: as, "Long, length; high, height."

5. Adverbs of quality are derived from adjectives, by adding ly, or changing le into ly; and denote the same quality as the adjectives from which they are derived: as, from "base," comes basely;" ;" from "slow, slowly;" from "able, ably."

There are so many other ways of deriving words from one another, that it would be extremely difficult, and nearly impossible, to enumerate them. The primitive words of any language are very few; the derivatives form much the greater number. A few more instances

only can be given here.

Some substantives are derived from other substantives, by adding the terminations hood or head, ship, ery, wick, rick, dom, ian, ment, and age.

Substantives ending in hood, or head, are such as signify character or qualities: as, "Manhood, knighthood, falsehood," &c.

Substantives ending in ship, are those that signify office, employment, state, or condition : as, "Lordship, stewardship, partnership," &c. Some substantives ending in ship, are derived from adjectives: as, "Hard, hardship," &c.

Substantives which end in ery, signify action or habit: as, "Slavery, foolery, prudery," &c. Some substantives of this sort come from adjectives: as, "Brave, bravery," &c.

Substantives ending in wick, rick, and dom, denote dominion, jurisdiction, or condition as, "Bailiwick, bishoprick, kingdom, dukedom, freedom," &c.

Substantives which end in ian, are those that signify profession: as, "Physician, musician," &c.

Those that end in ment and age, come generally from the French, and commonly signify the act or habit: as, "Commandment, usage."

Some substantives ending in ard, are derived from verbs or adjectives, and denote character or habit: as, "Drunk, drunkard; dote, dotard."

Some substantives have the form of diminutives; but these are not many. They are formed by adding the terminations kin, ling, ing, ock, el, and the like: as, "Lamb, lambkin; goose, gosling; duck, duckling'; hill, hillock; cock, cockerel," &c.

That part of derivation, which consists in tracing English words to the Greek, Latin, and French languages, must be omitted. Johnson's Large Dictionary will furnish the best information on this head. The learned Horne Tooke, in his "Diversions of Purley," has given an ingenious account of the derivation and meaning of many of the adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions, by tracing them to their Saxon origin. The following is a list of them:

ABOUT-is derived from a, on, and bout, signifying boundary: On the boundary or confines.

AMONG OF AMONGST comes from the passive participle gemænced, which is from gemengan, to mix.

AND-is from the imperative an-ad, which is from the verb, anan-ad, signifying to accumulate, to add to: as, Two and two are four ;' that is, 'Two add two are four.'

SUNDER-comes from the participle asundred of the verb asundrian, to separate and this verb is from Sond, sand.

ATHWART is derived from the passive participle athweoried of the verb athweorian, to wrest.

BEYOND comes from be-geond: geond, or goned, is the passive participle of the verb gangan, to go, to pass: Be passed, be gone.

BUT-from the imperative bot, of the verb botan, to boot, to superadd, to supply: as, 'The number three is not an even number, but an odd; that is, not an even number, superadd, (it is) an odd number.'

BUT from the imperative, be-utan, of the verb beonutan, to be out. It is used by way of exception:

6

as, She regards nobody, but him; that is, 'nobody be out him.'

IF comes from gif, the imperative of the verb gifan, to give as, 'If you live honestly, you will live happily; that is, 'give you live honestly.'

LEST- -from the participle, lesed, of the verb lesan, to dismiss.

THOUGH from thafig, the imperative of the verb thafigan, to allow as, Though she is handsome,

she is not vain: that is,Allow, grant, she is handsome.'

UNLESS comes from onies, the imperative of the verb onlesun, to dismiss or remove : as, Troy will be taken unless the palladium be preserved;' that is, 'Remove the palladium be preserved, Troy will be taken.'

WITH-the imperative of withan, to join: as, A house with a party-wall;' that is, 'A house join a party-wall.'

WITHOUT-Comes from wyrth-utan, the imperative of the

verb wyrthan-utan, to be out: as, 'A house without a roof;' that is, 'A house be out a roof.'

YET is derived from get, the imperative of the verb getan, to get: as, Yet a little while;' that is, Get a little time.'

THROUGH--Comes from Gothic and Teutonic words, which signify door, gate, passage: as, They marched through a wilderness ;' that is, "They marched the passage a wilderness.'

FOR-is from Saxon and Gothic words, signifying, cause, motive: as, 'He died for his religion; that is, 'He died, the cause his religion.'

FROM-is derived from frum, which signifies beginning, origin, source, &c.; as, 'The lamp hangs from the ceiling; that is, Ceiling the place of beginning to hang.'

ro-comes from Saxon and Gothic words, which sig

nify action, effect, termination, to act, &c.: as,

Figs come from Turkey to England:' that is, 'Figs come-beginning Turkey-Termination England.'

For remarks on the system of Horne Tooke, and of others who have followed him, and copied from him, the reader is referred to the preface to this work.

Questions on the Review.

How are words derived one from another?-From what are substantives derived?-From what are verbs derived?-Mention some of the ways in which adjectives are derived from nouns.-How are nouns derived from adjectives?-How are adverbs derived from adjec-. tives? How do nouns generally terminate which are derived from other nouns?-To what origin may many of the small English words be traced?

LESSON XXI.

THE third part of Grammar is SYNTAX, which treats of the agreement and construction of words in a sentence.

It consists chiefly of two parts, concord and government.-Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case, or person.-Government is that power which one part of speech has over another, in directing its mode, tense, or case.

To produce the agreement and right disposition of words in a sentence, we have the following rules, which should be very perfectly committed to memory:

RULE I. Two nouns, signifying the same thing, are put, by apposition, in the same case; as, "Paul, the Apostle;" "Alexander, the conqueror."