IN

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.

N another department we have quoted from "Results of the Bering Sea Arbitration," by the Hon. John W. Foster; Christianity's Mission," by Goldwin Smith, and "Wild Traits in Tame Animals," by Dr. Louis Robinson.

Hints as to the work of the new Congress are contained in a group of articles by Representatives Catchings, Dolliver, Southwick, and Bell, and M. W. Hazeltine. As may naturally be inferred from this list of names, the points of view from which the subject is approached are various, and each is distinct from the others.

Mrs. Lynn Linton, writing on "Cranks and Crazes," expresses a profound contempt for cyclers and the cycling craze.

"Walking, riding, skating and dancing we can understand as fit exercise for the vigorous and young; driving is precious to the indolent and the delicate; but cycling seems to be such a doubtful kind of amusement-such a queer cross between the treadmill and the tightropedemanding such a constant strain of attention to keep your balance, with such a monotonous and restricted action of the limbs as to render it a work of penance rather than of pleasure."

Prof. N. S. Shaler urges with force the importance of a determined effort among the nations to abolish the evil of war by a concerted movement for the arbitration of international disputes. Professor Shaler advances many reasons for regarding the United States as most favorably situated for taking the initiative in such a movement, and he appeals to the patriotic spirit to indorse this course. His article happens to have peculiar timeliness in view of the Venezuelan question.

"To those who desire to see the United States having a due influence in the affairs of the world, there is no other opportunity so good as this. Far better for our good name, or for the glory of that flag which only fools desire to see over battle fields, will be the enduring and blessed memory that our country led in a campaign against the monstrous evils of battle. We can afford to make the offer of a mode in which this work may be done; if by chance the tender of good-will should fail of evident result, we shall at least have acted in a spirit which is true to our history and to the best which is in our people; by the act we shall affirm our position to ourselves and to the rest of the world."

Mr. Arthur Silva White, writing on "Our Benefits from the Nicaragua Canal," frankly admits that as an Englishman he should like to see Great Britain presiding over the canal, but as a geographer he is compelled to regard America's claims as superior to all others, morally speaking. He announces this new doctrine of AngloAmerican relations :

"First, That the welfare of the United States of America is bound up with the maintenance of the British Empire;

"Second, That, when the Nicaragua Canal is opened, the United States will be in a position to assume or reject the rank and responsibilities of a world-power; and "Third, That the United States, in alliance with Great Britain and her colonies, would inevitably lead to the hegemony of the English-speaking race."

Sir Reginald Palgrave, Clerk of the British House of Commons, furnishes a rejoinder to previous articles in the North American by Secretary Herbert and Mr. Hannis Taylor on the House of Representatives and the House of Commons.

I'

THE FORUM.

IN the department of "Leading Articles we have quoted from M. Leroy-Beaulieu's article on American commercial and financial supremacy; from "The Ethics of Party Loyalty," by George Walton Green; from Mr. A. C. Cassatt's exposition of the Monroe Doctrine, and from the article on "Crime Among Animals" by William Ferrero.

Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, in an opportune and highly eulogistic article on Thomas B. Reed and the Fifty-first Congress, reviews an episode in legislative history which just now awakens a peculiar interest in the light of subsequent developments. "Above the question of what a Congress does," says Mr. Roosevelt, "comes the far higher question whether Congress can do anything at all." This question was definitely solved by the Fiftyfirst Congress, under Speaker Reed's leadership, and, in Mr. Roosevelt's opinion, this was a greater achievment than any possible tariff or currency legislation could have been.

Mrs. Margaret E. Sangster, the editor of Harper's Bazar, writes on "Editorship as a Profession for Women." What she says about the money rewards of the calling will interest such women as are looking forward to an editorial career :

"The emoluments of editorial work for women have very inelastic limits. The editor whose position brings her $5,000 a year in salary may be said to have achieved the highest financial success attainable under existing conditions. From $2,500 to $3,000 per year are salaries more generally paid than the amount above stated, and $50 or $60 a week is a usual, and is considered by most women a generous, wage for continuous and exhausting work, taxing every power they possess. From $15 to $40 a week are received by women for the conduct of special departments. This, as a rule, presupposes daily attendance at an office during office hours, which are usually from 9.30 A.M. to 4 or 5 P.M. The daily wear and tear on nerves, temper, and clothing, of obligatory office attendance, cannot be adequately stated or paid for in dollars and cents, and therefore a woman must love her profession over and above financial gains, and pursue it for its own sake if she would find in it the rewards of a chosen career."

Mr. William R. Thayer contributes a thoughtful paper on "Thomas Carlyle : His Work and Influence." It was as a moralist, says Mr. Thayer, that Carlyle approached all the great questions of life. "Among the masters of British prose he holds a position similar to that of Michael Angelo among the masters of painting. Power, elemental, titanic, rushing forth from an inexhaustible moral nature, yet guided by art, is the quality in both which first startles our wonder."

Apropos of the two hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, President Hyde, of Bowdoin College, attempts a brief estimate of the influence on American institutions of "The Pilgrim Principle." President Hyde differs from most writers on this topic in that he considers the weakness as well as the strength of that principle, as revealed in actual results. In the course of his article he makes a somewhat' detailed examination into the actual religious condition of that portion of New England to which the Pilgrims came, presenting a table of the stated religious preferences of 5,875 families (22,081 persons) in Plymouth County, Mass.

"In religious preference these 5,875 families are divided in the following proportion: Congregational, 21 per

cent.; no preference, 17 per cent.; Roman Catholic and Methodist, each 14 per cent.; Baptist, 12 per cent.; Unitarian, 8 per cent.; Episcopal and Universalist, each 3% per cent.; Advent, Christian, Friends, Presbyterians and others, 7 per cent. Thus the Congregationalists have retained but a little more than one-fifth of these families. Nearly 40 per cent., according to their own statement, are not represented by a single adult member in regular attendance upon any church whatsoever."

Mrs. Spencer Trask's article on "The Obligation of the Inactive" is an earnest exhortation to the performance of public duty.

Mr. Glen Miller, of Salt Lake City, examines recent assertions regarding the relation of the Mormon Church to politics, and while he admits that both parties in Utah have sought to appeal to religious prejudices for partisan ends, and that high church officers have been nominated to office for that purpose, he denies that the Mormon Church itself has been a party to such attempts.

The "Literary Hack," whose "Confessions" in the July Forum roused such an interest among aspiring literary folk, and at the same time engendered such ill-will among literary folk who had ceased to aspire, replies to his critics in the December number. The burden of his song is that he does make $5,000 a year from the sale of his wares, and that $5,000 does not go far in New York, the Hack himself being compelled to live on the fifth floor of an apartment house with no elevator.

THE ARENA.

N the department of "Leading Articles" we have

tions of America's Seven Great Poets."

"The Opportunity of the Church" is the subject of the second in the series of papers by Prof. George D. Herron, of Iowa College. This article is a condensation of Professor Herron's recent lectures in Boston.

The December number contains two articles in favor of government ownership of the telegraph. Prof. Richard T. Ely bases his argument chiefly on the inefficiency of the service under private management, and on the fact that the telegraph is a natural monopoly. Justice Clark, of the North Carolina Supreme Court, considers in his paper the constitutionality of public ownership.

Prof. Frank Parsons continues his very comprehensive and profitable inquiry into the cost and expediency of municipal ownership of lighting plants.

Mr. B. O. Flower's biographical sketch of Sir Thomas More is a vigorous piece of work. We quote the concluding paragraph:

"The domestic life of Sir Thomas More was singularly beautiful. His home has been termed a miniature Utopia. He possessed a gay and bouyant spirit and carried sunshine instead of fear to his friends. His political career, if we except his actions when religious prejudice clouded his reason and dulled his naturally keen sense of justice, evinced statesmanship of a high order. His views on social problems were in many instances hun. dreds of years in advance of his day, while his genuine sympathy for the poor and oppressed led him to dauntlessly champion their cause, where a time-server would have remained silent. He was a statesman unsullied by the demagogism of the politician. He was an apostle of culture, and in his writings embodied the best impulses of the new learning in a larger way than did any other scholar of his time. He was a prophet of a true civilization, and had his soul remained upon the mountain,

above the baleful psychic waves which beat around his prejudices and played upon his fear, More's life, as well as his writings, would have proved an unalloyed inspiration to the generations who came after him. Yet, though like Seneca, whom in very many respects More resembled, he sometimes fell far short of his high ideals, when judged in the light of his age and environment, he stands forth one of the noblest figures of his time, and in his Utopia' he reveals the imagination of a true genius, the wisdom and justice of a sage, and the love of a civilized man."

Mr. Theodore Bent describes Muscat, which like other places is now reformed and semi-civilized. Mr. Bent says: "When we first visited Muscat, seven years ago, the Sultan's palace was more interesting than it is now. When the warder opened the huge gate with its massive brass knobs you found yourself alongside the iron cage in which a lion was kept; adjoining this cage was another in which prisoners were put for their first offense. If this offense was repeated the prisoner was lodged in the cage with the lion at the time when his meal was due. In the good old days of Sultan Saeed this punishment was very commonly resorted to, as also were cruel mutilations on the shore in public, tying up in sacks and drowning and other horrors; but British influence has abolished all these things, and the lion, having died, has not been replaced."

PHYSICS AND SOCIOLOGY.

Mr. W. H. Mallock is too much of the professor to be a welcome contributor. His paper--one of a series apparently-is devoted to setting forth the shortcomings of Herbert Spencer. He leads up to a modified and rationalized form of the great man theory: "We have it in a form which will at once suggest generally to the reader how the study of individual character connects itself with, and is the necessary complement of, the study of the action of aggregates; but in order to make the details of the connection clear, it will be necessary to enter on a new set of considerations, and in especial on a consideration of the real meaning of evolution-a process, the fundamental meaning of which not even the genius of Darwin has succeeded in perceiving, still less in exhibiting to the world. When this meaning is once clearly grasped, it will be found to shed a new light through the whole region of social science."

LORD DUNRAVEN'S BLUNDER.

Mr. Quiller-Couch deplores Lord Dunraven's incomprehensible conduct, and says: "We pride ourselves-and in this case surely not without reason-that public opinion in England is sufficient guarantee, without need of legislation, that an American yacht would be given a clear course in English waters. Oddly enough, triumphant democracy, or rule of the people, seems to connote over there an utter ineffectiveness of public opinion; and true liberty to consist in this, that any casual captain of

any six-cent steamboat shall have full power to veto a friendly contest upon which two nations have set their hearts. The position is absurd enough. But a very little legislation will cure it. Meanwhile Lord Dunraven seems to owe Defender's crew one of two things-a prompt conviction or a prompt apology."

THE

THE NATIONAL REVIEW.

HE December National has an interesting paper on "The Air Car," and which is noticed in another department. Capt. Maxse of the Coldstream Guards begins to set forth "Our Military Problem-for Civilian Readers," and W. Barclay Squire writes on Mrs. Billington's last home at Treviso Italy.

ARE THE ENGLISH GROWING SOBER?

"Yes," says Mr. Arthur Shadwell, who has a right to be heard as a writer who has uttered some very novel and sensible words about the drink question. Mr. Shadwell indulges in a survey of the last sixty years with most reassuring results. He sums up the results as follows: "I submit that a survey of the whole period shows a great and progressive change from 1834 to 1894. It has been slow and retarded from time to time by the operation of natural causes, but it has gone on; and that seems to me the best guarantee of its lasting character. It has not been due to a spasm of enthusiasm or other transient influence, but to the action of steady and reliable forces. There has been a real improvement, an organic change, and it is not possible to conceive a complete relapse into the condition of the past. Individual drunkards there are still, as bad as ever, and at times they become more numerous, mainly when trade is good and money plentiful; but the open, rampant, daylight drunkenness-in-the-mass, which history records, has become a matter of history."

Statistics of course can be used or abused so as to prove anything, but the following figures certainly do seem to show a change for the better. The first gives the number of "drunks" in London, the second the number of publicans in England and Wales at two selected periods: Proportion of cases to population. 1 to 40 1 to 216

Population. .1,550,000

1833. 1894.

...5,633,806

Cases of drunkenness.

38,440 25,903

Publicans.

57,664

63,678

THE HUNGRY CHILDREN IN SCHOOL.

No. of Publicans per 1,000. 4.1

2.3

Mr. Diggle discourses on the wickedness of those Nonconformists, socialists and others who would have it at the last London School Board Election that 40,000 children were attending school habitually in want of food. As the statement was made by a Committee of the Board, the culprits may be recommended to mercy. A new committee has reported, and according to them in the worst week of the year "the number of separate children who had during the week one or more meals was 51,897. If every one of these children received an equal number of meals, the proportion of each would be two and a third out of a possible total of ten meals per week."

The committee report that the existing agencies were able to cope with the need. Mr. Diggle complacently ob

serves: "The Special Committee have therefore rendered a service to the public by indicating more accurately than before the extreme point to which the distress may, on occasion, temporarily rise; and by recording the fact that at such a period remedial agencies existed sufficient to alleviate it. This latter fact marks a great advance upon the reported state of things in 1889."

NEW LIGHT ON GOUT.

Dr. Mortimer Granville maintains that the excessive secretion of uric acid is not the cause of gout, but one of the symptoms of the presence of the real secret of gout. It is all a case of overpopulation. Gout, according to Dr. Granville, is merely a matter of overcrowding of the body by leucocytes. He says: "The gout is, I submit and contend, although I am perfectly conscious of breaking entirely new ground in the contention, a malady which has for its cause the presence in the organism of an undue proportion of leucocytes, not necessarily in the blood, but in the organs and tissues generally, and assuming those diverse forms protoplasmic bodies are wont to assume, whether as lymph corpuscles, white corpuscles of the blood, connective-tissue corpuscles, or otherwise shaping themselves."

To cure gout, if this be true, we must develop the red corpuscles which feed on the white ones. Dr. Granville says: "If this new view of gout be the true one, it is obvious that the treatment of the malady must be the treatment of leuchæmia. I do not, of course, affirm that the development of red corpuscles by a meat diet must necessarily result in a corresponding reduction of the white corpuscles within normal limits; but I do contend that, on very rational ground, the initial step and primary aim should be to restore the equilibrium of these several elements of the blood by the readiest method possible, that is the multiplication of the red corpuscles."

MR. RUSKIN'S GOSPEL IN ONE TEXT. Mr. Frederic Harrison, having recently written an essay on John Ruskin for the Forum, seems to have found his soul stirred within him by the exercise, and in a paper entitled "Unto This Last" he boils over in dialogue for the purpose of setting forth Mr. Ruskin's praise. He says-for he is "professor":

"I should like to hear the Archbishop of Canterbury preaching a sermon to the House of Lords on a text which I read from Ruskin this very morning. It is from Unto This Last,' and I put the little book in my pocket when we started for our walk. Here it is- In a community regulated only by laws of demand and supply, but protected from open violence, the persons who become rich are, generally speaking, industrious, resolute, proud, covetous, prompt, methodical, sensible, unimaginative, insensitive, and ignorant. The persons who remain poor are the entirely foolish, the entirely wise, the idle, the reckless, the humble, the thoughtful, the dull, the imaginative, the sensitive, the well-informed, the improvident, the irregularly and impulsively wicked, the clumsy knave, the open thief, and the entirely merciful, just, and godly person.' That little sentence, the keynote of that little book, contains an entire gospel in itself, a complete manual of political economy, and a treatise on ethics. A thousand sermons might be

preached upon it, but they will hardly be preached by our courtly prelates and cultured divines."

UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENTS.

Canon Barnett says: "Twelve years ago a paper published in this Review suggested University Settlements in Our Great Towns.' There are now Toynbee Hall, Oxford House, Mansfield House, the Bermondsey Settlement, Trinity Court, Caius House, Newman House, Browning Hall, the Southwark Ladies' Settlement, and Mayfield House in London. There are settlements in Glasgow, Bristol, Manchester and Edinburgh. There are Hull House in Chicago, Andover House in Boston, besides perhaps twenty others in different cities of America."

Many people don't understand what a settlement istherefore Canon Barnett has written this paper to tell them that "a settlement is simply a means by which men or women may share themselves with their neighbors; a club house in an industrial district, where the condition of membership is the performance of a citizen's duty; a house among the poor, where the residents may make friends with the poor."

WHY NOT TAKE A HINT FROM THE TURK? Rafiüddin Ahmad says that the Sultan might save his empire if he would but model his forts on the British Indian pattern. After pointing out what an improvement this would be, the ingenious writer continues :

"It is just fair that I should ask England to pick up one or two practices from Turkey. The Sultan allows his Christian subjects to fill the highest places in some departments of the State, especially in that of diplomacy. The most enviable office in the diplomatic service-namely, that of the Turkish Ambassador in London -was occupied by a Christian, the late Rustem Pasha. In fact, the diplomatic and the consular services in Turkey are full of Christian subjects of the Porte. There are hardly any Mohammedans or Hindoos in Her Majesty's diplomatic service. I do hope that Her Majesty's Ministers will appoint the Queen's Moslem subjects, at least as consuls and vice-consuls, especially in Mohammedan states, where their services can be of great use to England.

A DOCTOR ON DOCTORS.

Dr. J. Burney Yeo discourses on many subjects of interest to the profession. Incidentally he remarks: "If I were asked to name the three personal qualities of greatest use to a physician in helping him to achieve success, I should naswer: (1) Tact, (2) gravity, and (3) a calm and even temper."

One of the most serious statements in the paper is that which he quotes from M. Leon Daudet's attack on Parisian doctors. He says of M. Daudet's book:

"It accuses them of inordinate greed and extortion, of the grossest immorality, of the brutal disclosure of professional secrets, of sharing profits with chemists and instrument makers, of receiving bribes from the doctors of various spas to send them patients, and, to complete the picture, accuses them of the most rancorous hatred and persecution of one another, and of the basest intrigues to obtain advancement to coveted places in the medical faculty.

"I have made some inquiries as to whether these charges have any foundation in fact, and I am assured that, although in this book they are grossly and shamefully exaggerated and conceived in a spirit of the most bitter and mendacious antagonism to the members of

the medical profession, yet they are not altogether without some slight substratum of reality."

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. Gladstone deals with Matthew Arnold, and other critics of Bishop Butler. Of the former he says: "Mr. Arnold was placed by his own peculiar opinions in a position far from auspicious with respect to this particular undertaking. He combined a fervent zeal for the Christian religion with a not less boldly avowed determination to transform it beyond the possibility of recognition by friend or foe. He was thus placed under a sort of necessity to condemn the handiwork of Bishop Butler, who in a certain sense gives it a new charter.”

Sir Lintorn Simmons writes of the transformation of the army under the Duke. Mr. Deane replies to his critics about the religion of the undergraduate, and Professor Geffcken discourses on the proposed reforms in Armenia.

M.

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW.

AUGUSTIN FILON, in the course of his essay on Lord Salisbury, speaks in terms of high praise of Mr. Chamberlain, of whose colonial policy, however, he professes a salutary dread. He says: "During the last thirty years I have watched the careers of many democrats in all parts of Europe; they all understood perfectly well how to destroy, but only one could construct, and that was Mr. Chamberlain. He is one of those men who spare their country a revolution. He has infused some drops of his own blood, and those not the least precious, into the veins of the Conservative party, and the transfusion has been complete. Let any one try now to distinguish the Chamberlain corpuscles in the veins of Lord Salisbury!

THE LABORS OF THE UNIONIST HERCULES.

Mr. Stuart, Glennie believing the Unionist majority to be a very Hercules, would start it on a series of herculean labors without delay. He says: "Unionist enthusiasm will pass beyond dreams or draft schemes, will affect a federation of all our colonies, and at least a defensive and offensive alliance, if not federation, between the two great eastern and western branches of what has hitherto been, considering its true ethnic composition, no less falsely than mischievously called our 'AngloSaxon,' but which would be more truly named our Norse-Keltic Race."

Mr.

That, however, is but a beginning of things. Stuart Glennie tells us that "while, however, the first place must for the present be given to both securing and expanding the unity of our race, it would be folly to imagine that the equally profound, though not, it may be, equally pressing, needs of industrial reorganization and parliamentary reconstruction can be safely overlooked."

His great anxiety is, however, to make India loyal and contended. The way to set about this, he thinks, is to appoint a royal commission: "For its mere appointment would or should convince both the princes and peoples of India of what is undoubtedly the fact, that popular sentiment and opinion in this country need but to be stirred by the report of such a commission to be overwhelmingly in favor of whatever, in the way both of diminution of taxation and extension of rights of selfgovernment and British citizenship, may be thus authoritatively recommended as justice to India."

EPILEPSY AND GENIUS.

Mr. Newman has a subtle masterly analysis of the genius of Gustave Flaubert. He defends the epileptic theory of M. Maxime du Camp. He says: "It was du Camp's theory that the epilepsy from which Flaubert suffered during the greater portion of his life had arrested his mental development, had limited his powers and exaggerated his defects. It is evident that such a malady must have had at least some influence upon Flaubert's work, and the extent to which it did actually influence him can be readily perceived from his correspond. ence."

Mr. Newman concludes his interesting essay by the remark that "Considering the many difficulties under which he labored, we may wonder that he has achieved so much: for he has left at least two perfect works, half a dozen others that none but a master could have written, and a correspondence that reveals to us the breadth and depth of one of the most philosophic intellects of our time."

ness.

WAS HAMLET MAD OR ONLY SHAMMING?

Mr. Beerbohm Tree, by aid of his prompt book, argues triumphantly that Hamlet was only shamming madMr. Tree says: "It has been my aim by the practical assistance of an actor's prompt-book to show that Hamlet's supposed madness was a feigned madness, and that many of the difficulties of this Shakespearian masterpiece are really little else than the outcome of a super-acute but unpractical comment. If to the pure all things are pure, to the plain-seeker many things often appear plain. And if some of the alleged obscurities of Hamlet have been dispelled by an actor-manager's prompt copy, the reason may lie in the fact that Shakespeare was an actor-manager himself."

GAMBETTA'S DICTATORSHIP.

Mr. Vandam pursues his vendetta with Gambetta in his paper on the beginnings of the Third Republic. The following passage affords some idea of his animus: "The wonder up to this day is that among all those whom he bullied and hectored, both military and civil, there was not an officer, a journalist, or a former parliamentary colleague either to twist his neck or to send a bullet through his brain and thus to rid France of a scourge.

TH

THE NEW REVIEW.

NEW SCOTLAND.

Mr. Francis Watt writes an interesting paper on the New Scotland, which he maintains is very unlike the Old Scotland with which we are familiar in Scott's romances. Instead of being poor, New Scotland is extravagantly rich, and alike in Church and in State the New Scotland is as unlike the Old Scotland as can be. The following list of Scots worthies is significant: "The Scots Pantheon is a strange jumble, most of whose deities would on this coast diligently have sought each other's lives. Enthroned there are the English Queen Margaret, the Plebeian Wallace, the Norman Bruce, the Papist Mary Stuart, the Presbyterian John Knox, a crowd of Covenanters and Cavaliers, godly Samuel Rutherford, Bonnie Prince Charlie, Sir Walter, and Robbie Burns. Yet is Scotland justified of her children. Each one deserves his place for his virtue, his splendid courage or his genius. Seen in the pale light of history, Scots annals have a unique magic; they will forever furnish But the record is themes for poetry and romance. closed. The distinctive features, even in literature and art, must vanish."

THE REVUE DES DEUX MONDES.

HE De Nayve trial may or may not have suggested M. Cruppi's interesting and topical paper on "French Criminal Procedure." The writer, a well-known member of the Paris bar, points out that in France trial by jury has never been really popular, or indeed acclimatized. That this is so is clearly shown by the part taken by the Public Prosecutor, who, as is well known, is given almost unlimited power as regards the cross-examination of the prisoner. Latter-day French law is a thing of yesterday. The Constituent Assembly endeavored after the disppearance of the old régime to create a rational system of criminal investigation, but, curiously enough, Napoleon I. had a great prejudice against trial by jury, and the efforts of those who worked with him in elaborating the Code Napoleon did not succeed in making him accept the more modern views of legal administration. The frugal French citizen absorbed in his

business will adopt almost any expedient in order to escape serving on a jury; even at the Seine assizes nothing is taken seriously, and the public, the jury, the judges, the counsel and even the prisoners seem to regard the proceedings as a tragic comedy.

Vernon Lee contributes a strangely suggestive and curious essay-put in the form of a triple dialogue, entitled "Orpheus in Rome"-on the connection of art and the ideal life, and between the nature and intention of the interpreter and the emotion he or she can evoke. It is suggested that artists frequently transcend their own intentions, and through them their audiences are often influenced and reached by a power quite outside themselves.

In France all passes away save the dead, and M. Perrot attempts to analyze in a thoughtful and learned article the universal cult of death. He points out that even the most convinced Christians cannot divest themselves of the idea that a personality lingers about the