in the Muscites. Imago with the apical seta of the antennæ exarticulate; ligula large, fleshy, bilobed

D

and pilose; alule of the wings wanting; wings rather wider than in the preceding order, beautifully variegated, striped and spotted with different shades of black and brown; body glabrous, or with a slight pilosity, of moderate length and stoutness, and, in the females, furnished with a large, exserted and conspicuous ovipositor. Tephritis.

Tephritis cornuta.

Phytomyzites. Larva inhabits the interior of plants and fruits, and sometimes putrid substances. Pupa as in the Muscites. Imago with the apical seta of the antennæ exarticulate; ligula large, fleshy, clavate; alulæ of the wings wanting; wings as wide as in the preceding order; the body very delicate, often very slender, glabrous; colour black, or black variegated with yellow. Phytomyza, Chlorops, Meromyza, Agromyza, Discomyza, Gymnopa, Asteia, Drosephila, Ochthiphila, Opomyza.

Phorites. Larva inhabits the flowers and seeds of vegetables, and the larva of other insects. Pupa as in the Muscites. In the imago the apical seta of the antennæ is composed of four joints, the three basal ones being very short, the apical one very long; ligula very short; alulæ of the wings wanting; wings very wide, extending beyond the body, which is very small, acute at the extremity, and in colour inclining to black or yellow. Phora.

Borborites. Larva inhabits putrid animal and vegetable substances. Pupa as in the Muscites. Imago with the apical portion of the antennæ perfectly simple and exarticulate, sometimes orbicular; ligula large, membranous and bilobed; alule of the wings wanting; wings very large and wide; body very small, and of a black colour. Borborus, Ochthera, Ephydra, Notiphila, Homalura, Orygma, Calopa.

Horse-flies or Hippoboscites. Larva apod and nearly spherical, is nourished and attains perfection in the ovary of its parent. Pupa changes in the same situation, and is produced in the state in which it undergoes the final change; its structure is nearly as in the Muscites, excepting an evident indentation at the end, which becomes the lower extremity of the future imago. Imago with triarticulate antennæ, the second joint most developed, and the third originating in a hollow or socket near the base of the second; mouth apparently adapted for suction, its component parts appear to be two mandibles, two maxillæ, and a sheath-like labium; tarsi five-jointed; occasionally with the fore wings developed, and the hind wings appearing as poisers. Ornithomyia, Stenepteryx and Oxypterum, which live among the feathers of birds: Melophagus, the wellknown sheep-tick, frequents the wool of sheep: Hippobosca, the horse-fly, runs over the softer uncovered parts of the horse's skin, causing so intolerable an itching that horses unaccustomed to the fly become perfectly ungovernable, and have often been known to throw their riders and gallop headlong over fields or commons regardless of danger.

Sirex gigas; an insect which, in the larva state, is very destructive to fir timber.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF HYMENOPTERA.

THE metamorphosis in the third class, Hymenoptera, is necromorphous. The larva bears no resemblance to the imago; it has small corneous mandibles, moving horizontally; in seven orders it has six articulate, and from twelve to sixteen prehensile feet; in the remaining orders it is without feet. Pupa quiescent, having the organs of locomotion and manducation confined by a shell-like skin; yet displaying all the limbs and organs, placed in order by the sides of the body, and detached from it, except at the usual points of connexion. Imago with the mandibles strong, moving horizontally, and masticatory; the other organs of

the mouth fully developed; ocelli three; wings all developed, the fore wings exceeding the hind in size, membraneous, and used in flying; the mesothorax largely developed at the expense of the pro- and metathorax; the podeon mostly restricted; the tarsi, with few exceptions, five-jointed. Food very various.

Social ants or Formicites. Larva an inactive, obese, voracious maggot, residing entirely in the earth, and dependant for food on the care of the perfect insects. Pupa changes in a tough leathery cocoon; these cocoons are commonly known as "ants' eggs." Imago with the antennæ composed of about thirteen joints, often elbowed, slightly incrassated exteriorly; mandibles somewhat triangular, toothed; maxillæ obtuse; labium short, obtuse, its ligula not produced; maxillary and labial feelers fully developed and distinctly articulate; fore wings ample; hind wings small; lives under ground in immense societies, consisting of three kinds of individuals, males, females and abortive females. Formica, represented at page 41, Myrmica.

Solitary ants or Mutillites. Larva and pupa unknown. Imago with antennæ composed of about thirteen joints, not elbowed, rather attenuated exteriorly; mandibles long, dentate at the apex; maxillæ obtuse; labium short, obtuse, its ligula not produced; maxillary and labial feelers fully developed and distinctly articulate; ocelli indistinct or wanting; wings possessed by the males only; females usually with the pro- meso- and metathorax equally developed; abortive females none. Inhabits sandy situations,* and is solitary. Mutilla, Myrmosa, Methoca.

Scholiites. Larva an elongate, inactive maggot; inhabits a burrow or hole made in the sand by its parent, and feeds on larva or occasionally on perfect insects which she has provided for its sustenance. Pupa changes in a silken cocoon spun by the larva at the bottom of its domicile.

Imago with antennæ composed of about thirteen joints, very short, recurved, almost forming a ring; mandibles short, strong, dentate; maxillæ long, their feelers also long; labium longer than in the Formicites; its ligula trilobed; ocelli three, distinct; wings alike in both sexes; legs short, stout, spiny; female with a pungent sting. Solitary; inhabits sandy districts, settling occasionally on umbellate flowers; feeds on insects. Tiphia.

Sapygites. Larva and pupa supposed to be as in the preceding order. Imago with antennæ composed of about

thirteen joints, exteriorly incrassated, particularly in the males, longer and more robust than in the preceding order; mandibles, labium, &c., nearly as in the Scholiites; ocelli three, distinct; wings alike in both sexes; legs short but slender, and without spines; female with a sting. Solitary; female inhabits walls, palings and posts; male settles on umbellate flowers. Sapyga.

Sapyga prisma.

Sand-wasps or Pompilites. Larva and pupa as in Scholiites, the food of the former consisting frequently of spiders provided by its parent. Imago with antennæ composed of about thirteen joints, more long and slender than in the two preceding orders, attenuated exteriorly, and mostly recurved; mandibles long, and dentate at the apex; labium short, with its ligula short and trilobed; ocelli three, distinct; wings alike in both sexes; legs long, spiny; female armed with a sting. Inhabits sunny banks in sandy situations, running among grass, &c. with great activity, and continually vibrating its antenne and wings; feeds on insects. Ceropales, Pompilus, Aporus.

Sphexes or Sphecites. Larva and pupa as in Scholiites, the food differing only in the kind of insect provided. Imago vith the antennæ composed of thirteen joints, short and