admissible in English. In, I think, many of your transactions.' Cp. Plat. Rep., p. 564 A, ἐξ οἶμαι τῆς ἀκροτάτης έλευθερίας.

§ 4. προβουλεύειν . χειροτονεῖν. The technical words for passing a προβούλευμα and a ψήφισμα respectively.

τὸ κυρίους ἡμᾶς εἶναι, sc. τῆς δωρεάς, as in § 5.

§ 5. αὐτὸ καθ' αυτό, ‘should look at the question on its own merits.'

¿AπATηléνTAS TI, 'being here and there deceived.'

ȧkúpovs, 'deprived of all power to act in the matter;' a rare use of the word, which generally is applied to things, in the sense of 'invalid.' This sense, however, equally follows from its opposition to κύριος.

ÈK TOû.. Sidóval, 'from offering,' rather than 'from giving,' which would be ἐκ τοῦ δοῦναι.

§ 6. δι' ἐκεῖνο, sc. εὕροιτ ̓ ἂν ἐκεῖνο μᾶλλον λυσιτελοῦν. His new reason is a yet more cogent one, that you cannot refuse to requite a benefit without baseness, which is infinitely worse than the simplicity shown in being deceived.

elval is not opposed to Sokeîv, but dependent on it. 'It is better to have the reputation of being simple than of being

base.'

P. 3, § 7. κатaμeμþóμevov, agreeing with Tɩvá, as in § 2.

τοὺς χρησίμους ὄντας, ‘those who render service to the State. In §§ 115, 116, οἱ χρησίμοι and οἱ χρηστοί are again practically identified, but the two words imply different points of view; men are χρηστοί as being excellent in themselves, χρησίμοι as being useful to their country.

τὸν τούτων λόγον, 'the representations of Leptines and his adherents.'

§ 8. un oux. Both negatives are redundant, the idea of denial being fully given in αντείποι. But it is usual in Greek to insert un after verbs of prohibition and denial, and to add où in combination with it when these verbs are themselves negatived. Both uǹ and où are reflections of preceding negatives,

un reflecting the negative notion of the verb, où the negative particle which is prefixed to it.

ἐνιαυτὸν διαλιπών.

See Excursus I., § 9.

τὸν ἥμισυν τοῦ χρόνου. Probably for τὸν ἥμισυν χρόνον τοῦ χρόνου. Cp. Thuc. viii. 48, ὁ πλέων τοῦ στράτου. Hdt. i. 24, τὸν πολλὸν τοῦ χρόνου.

εἶτα .

ἀφελώμεθα, are we to take away from those who have done us good service that second half of this exemption which we have given them over and above what all possess?' ἀφελώμεθα is the deliberative conjunctive. ἧς, sc. ἧς ἀτελείας, implied in the preceding ἀτελής.

aws, 'on general grounds.'

§ 9. κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἀγοράν. This clause is introduced by the figure called Tapáragis, merely for the sake of its contrast with the co-ordinate clause introduced by dé, without any real dependence of meaning on the principal clause. There was nothing disgraceful in a law forbidding falsehood in mercantile transactions, but its existence heightened the disgrace incurred by the city in proving false to its engagements. μèv and dè in such sentences may generally be best rendered by 'whilst' and 'yet.'

ἐφ ̓ οἷς belongs to εἴ τις ψεύδεται, ‘through any falsehood in which matters.

=

τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιτάξασαν ἥτις ἀυτὴ ἐπέταξεν, αὐτὴν being here the emphatic personal pronoun.

Kal TaÛTα, SC. Toñoα, as we say, 'and this too.'

§ 10. εἰ καὶ δόξαν, sc. μὴ ἀπόλλυτε, whether you do not lose reputation, as well as money.'

κίνδυνον ἐξέστησαν, a construction κατὰ σύνεσιν, ἐκστῆναι being practically equivalent to puyev, and so taking an accusative.

ταύτην, sc. τὴν δόξαν.

P. 4, § 11. oi rplákovтa. The thirty tyrants, from whose tyranny, in B. c. 404, Thrasybulus and the leaders of the constitutional party took refuge in the Peiraeus.

εἰς ἓν ἦλθεν κτλ., ' when unity was restored in the State and those troubles were settled.'

§ 12. λόγων δὲ γιγνομένων. This probably refers to a debate in the exkλnola, in which the constitutional party were for making the adherents of the thirty tyrants bear the burden of the loan, whilst the others maintained that it should be looked on as a national debt. τοῦτο is explained afterwards by κοινῇ διαλῦσαι τὰ χρήματα.

ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ψεύσασθαι, in support of the principle of keeping faith.'

Hoare. The second person marks the orator's sense of the unity of the Athenian people in successive generations, as few if any of his hearers would have taken part in the deliberations of nearly fifty years ago.

ovê ảğıŵ, ‘I think it an unworthy policy.'

P. 5, § 13. èπ' ăλλwv πoλλŵv, ‘in many other points of view.'

ovdè déуw KTλ., nor do I allege any crime against him, nor am I privy to anything of the sort.'

πολὺ τούτου κεχωρισμένον. The reserve of the orator is here very noticeable. He will not say anything against his opponent's character generally (rà ăλλa), and even when he criticises it from the evidence afforded by the law, he will not abuse it, but only says that it is very widely different from that of the State.

§ 14. Soкev is omitted in some MSS., and seems to convey an unnecessary sneer, as though Leptines could not be brought into real harmony of feeling with the State. The antithesis, however, between doke and eival was so much affected by the Greek writers as to be often introduced when its propriety and good taste seem questionable to us.

Tò eos, the limiting accusative, 'in character.'

§ 15. Tapà τŵv Sńμwv, given by democratic governments.' This seems better than the other reading παρὰ τοῦ δήμου, as making the sentence the expression of a general sentiment, instead of limiting it to the case of the Athenian people.

τῇ μὲν γὰρ χρείᾳ, 'for it is by the material advantage bestowed on the recipients that tyrants can chiefly confer their favours ;'

as contrasted with the honour and security attaching to the gifts of a free people. In other words, the tyrant can do much more for his favourite for the moment, but as he acts from caprice, his gifts confer no real distinction, and are liable to be arbitrarily withdrawn.

P. 6, § 16. loŋyopla, the condition in which all have an equal right to speak before the people, is continually used as synonymous with ἐλευθερία.

τῶν καλῶν, neuter. Cp. § 2, τῶν ἀδίκων ἐστι.

Ékóvτov, perhaps without reluctance,' since all admiration must be voluntary, in the strict sense of the word.

τὸν γοῦν ἄλλον χρόνον, ‘till now, at any rate.” ὁ ἄλλος χρόνος, as opposed to ὁ λοιπὸς χρόνος, is rarely used of future time; by Demosthenes perhaps only in the speech against Androtion, p. 594, 2, τουτονὶ πειράσομαι καὶ νῦν καὶ τὸν ἄλλον ἅπαντα ἀμύνεσθαι χρόνον.

§ 17. KalтOL Tŵν άπασŵν KTλ., literally, 'and yet from whatever State throughout the world you take away the right of those who are loyal to be treated with the gratitude they deserve, you will be found herein to have taken away no small guarantee for their general security.” αὐτῶν represents τῶν πολιτειών, and ταύτην is τὸ τοὺς εὔνους κομίζεσθαι χάριν, its gender being due to attraction into that of the predicate φυλακήν.

§ 18. τάχα . . ἴσως are not exactly synonymous, but may be rendered, 'perhaps Leptines might be likely to attempt.'

ámáywv, 'in the endeavour to put you off the scent.'

ούτωσὶ μὲν ἀκοῦσαι κτλ., ‘if put in this way have some show of reason. The infinitive in such limiting propositions is more generally introduced by ws, as in the common expression ws elmeiv. So Plat. Euthypho, p. 3 в, ws оûтw y' áкoûσai. But Cp. Plat. Phileb. p. 12 c, ἔστι γάρ, ἀκούειν μὲν οὕτως, ἁπλῶς ἔν τι.

ai molirikal, 'the State burdens imposed on citizens,' as opposed to those devolving on the resident aliens (μétoikoɩ). These latter not only paid an annual tax to the treasury (METOLKLOV), but were also subject to the elo popá, or war tax upon property, and under certain limitations to the ἐγκύκλιοι λειτουρ viai. See Excursus I., § 10.

Tois εúρημévols, 'for those who have earned it.' This use of the (so-called) perfect passive in a middle sense, though found in early writers, is much more frequent in Attic of the period of Demosthenes.

εἰσφορῶν καὶ τριηραρχιών, these being the special burdens imposed on the Athenians in times of war. See Excursus I., §§ 1, 6.

οὓς οὗτος ἔγραψε, sc. ἀτελεῖς εἶναι, Leptines not having ventured to interfere with the time-honoured privileges enjoyed by the descendants of Harmodius and Aristogeiton. These two, though their plot was unsuccessful, were always considered to have taken the first step in securing the freedom of Athens, by the assassination of Hipparchus, B. C. 514.

τοὺς ἀφ' Αρμοδίου. In strict grammar this should be the nominative, being parallel to ovdeís; but such an attraction of an antecedent into the case of a relative which precedes and explains it is common in Greek, and is even found in Latin.

§ 19. Xopnyoús. This word, properly applied to the man who had the charge and defrayed the expense of a chorus in the theatre, is commonly used, as here, in a wider sense, for one who bore the expense of any ordinary Xeтoupyia, the word λειτουργὸς not being classical.

εἰς ἐκείνας, sc. those that admit of ἀτέλεια.

εἰσποιεῖ . . ἀφήσει. The only subject which will suit both these verbs is ò vóμos, since Leptines, who would be the natural subject of cloπolet, could scarcely be said to set any free from contributions (apeîvai) by his law being repealed. Wolf takes apnoei in a forced sense, 'how many will he let free from his grasp?'

Tρinpaρxoûνtes, ‘in virtue of their serving the trierarchy.'

ἀεὶ is taken by Wolf as going with τριηραρχοῦντες, ‘inasmuch as they are perpetually trierarchs;' but it is much more natural to combine it with what follows, ́enjoy perpetual exemption.'

λáttw tŵv ikavov, 'less than the amount (three talents) which renders them liable to any λειτουργία.

προσέσται. From these two classes we shall gain no new contributor, the one being exempt in virtue of undertaking the higher burdens, the other being too poor to be called upon at