been found in all these tombs; which are not only interesting, as showing the degree of civilisation attained by the people, but from indicating that they possessed ideas of a future state, as they buried by the warrior's side weapons and various articles thought necessary to him in another existence... This custom is general amongst savage tribes even at the present day, while in all parts of the world nations in an unenlightened and barbarous condition have been found to sacrifice the friends or servants of their deceased chiefs, in order that they might be properly attended on their entrance into the next world. Such might have been the case in Scandinavia, and would at once account satisfactorily for the fact of the cromlechs and giants' chambers containing several skeletons.

The ornaments of the stone period seen in the museum, are of the simplest kind; the most precious amongst them consisting of pieces of amber pierced, and doubtless worn as beads; some of these are rough, others formed like hammer-heads

or axes.

The people of the "stone age" were not confined to Southern Scandinavia, for cromlechs are found along the northwest and west coasts of Europe, the southern shores of the Baltic, in Ireland and Britain, all having similar contents to those of Denmark. But in Norway and the north of Sweden, this kind of tomb does not exist, although implements and weapons of stone are found in those countries, as well as in Southern Europe, and even in the tumuli of the Mississippi valley in North America... Some of the implements discovered in the latter, especially the flint knives, bear an exact resemblance to those of Denmark; but we cannot infer from this circumstance alone, that the same race inhabited these widely separated countries; for nations the farthest removed from each other, with the same wants, and their faculties in a like state of development, arrive at similar results in their first feeble essays at art, of which the close similarity between the Scandinavian and New Zealand productions in stone afford another striking example. It may, however, be reasonably presumed that the southern coast of the Baltic, Hanover, the north of Holland, England and Ireland, where the cromlechs are found, were inhabited by the same race as that of the stone age in Denmark.

Scott.

THE RED INDIAN.

ON quitting the cradle, the American Indian is left nearly naked in the cabin to grow hardy, and learn the use of his limbs. Juvenile sports are the same everywhere; children invent them for themselves. There is no domestic government; the young do as they will. They are never earnestly reproved, injured, or beaten; a dash of cold water in the face is their heaviest punishment. If they assist in the labors of the household, it is as a pastime, not as a charge. Yet they show respect to the chiefs, and defer with docility to those of their cabin. ... The attachment of savages to their offspring is extreme; and they cannot bear separation from them. From their insufficient and irregular supplies of clothing and food they learn to endure hunger and rigorous seasons; of themselves, they become fleet of foot, and skilful in swimming; their courage is nursed by tales respecting their ancestors, till they burn with a love of glory to be acquired by valor and address... So soon as the child can grasp the bow and arrow, they are in his hand; and, as there was joy in the wigwam at his birth, and his first cutting of a tooth, so a festival is kept for his earliest success in the chase... The Indian young man is educated in the school of nature. The influences by which he is surrounded nurse within him the passion for war: as he grows up, he, in his turn, takes up the war-song, of which the echoes never die away on the boundless plains of the west... He travels the war-path in search of an encounter with an enemy, that he, too, at the great war-dance and feast of his band, may boast of his exploits; may enumerate his gallant deeds by the envied feathers of the war-eagle that decorate his hair; and may keep the record of his wounds by shining marks of vermilion on his skin.

to

The savages are proud of idleness. At home they do little but cross their arms and sit listlessly; or engage in games of chance, hazarding all their possessions on the result; or meet in council; or sing, and eat, and play, and sleep. The greatest toils of the men are, to perfect the palisades of the forts; manufacture a boat out of a tree, by means of fire and a stone hatchet; to repair their cabins; to get ready instruments of war or the chase; and to adorn their persons... Woman is the laborer; woman bears the burden of life. The food that is raised from the earth is the fruit of her industry. With no instrument but a wooden mattock, a shell, or a shoulder-blade of the buffalo, she plants the maize, the beans, and the running vines. She drives the blackbirds from the corn field, breaks

the weeds, and, in due season, gathers the harvest. She pounds the parched corn, dries the buffalo meat, and prepares for winter the store of wild fruits; she brings home the game which her husband has killed; she bears the wood, and draws the water, and spreads the repast.

Famine gives a terrible energy to the brutal part of our nature. A shipwreck will make cannibals of civilised men; a siege changes the refinements of urbanity into excesses at which humanity shudders; a retreating army abandons its wounded. The hunting tribes have the affections of men; but among them, also, extremity of want produces like results. The aged and infirm meet with little tenderness; the hunters, as they roam the wilderness, desert their old men; if provisions fail, the feeble drop down, and are lost, or life is shortened by a blow. The summer garments of moose and deer skins are painted of many colours; the fairest feathers of the turkey, fastened by threads made from wild hemp and nettle, are curiously wrought in mantles. The claws of the grisly bear form a proud collar for a war-chief; a piece of an enemy's scalp, with a tuft of long hair, painted red, glitter on the stem of their war-pipes; the wing of a red bird, or the beak or plumage of a raven decorate their locks; the skin of a rattlesnake is worn round the arm of their chiefs; the skin of the polecat, bound round the leg, is their order of the garter-emblem of noble daring. A warrior's dress is often a history of his deeds. His skin is also tattooed with figures of animals, of leaves, of flowers, and painted with lively and shining colors.

The acceptance of gifts pacifies the families of those who are at variance. In savage life, which admits no division of labor, and has but the same pursuit for all, the bonds of relationship are widely extended. They hold the bonds of brotherhood so dear, that a brother commonly pays the debt of a deceased brother, and assumes his revenge and his perils. There are no beggars among them; no fatherless children unprovided for. The families that dwell together, hunt together, roam together, fight together, constitute a tribe.

...

The limit of the chief's authority is found in his personal character. The humiliating subordination of one will to another is everywhere unknown The Indian chief has no crown, no sceptre, or guards; no outward symbols of supremacy, or means of giving validity to his decrees. The bounds of his authority float with the current of opinion in the tribe: he is not so much obeyed, as followed with the alacrity of free volition; and, therefore, the extent of his power depends on his personal character. There have been chiefs whose com

manding genius could so overawe and sway the common mind, as to gain for a season an almost absolute rule; while others had little authority, and, if they used menaces, were abandoned. The affairs of the whole nation are transacted in general council; and, while any one may dissent with impunity, it is so arranged that decisions are unanimous. Their delight is in assembling together, and listening to messengers from other tribes... Seated in a semicircle on the ground, in double or triple rows, with the knees almost meeting the face, the painted and tattooed chiefs adorned with skins and plumes, with the beaks of the red-bird or the claws of the bear, each listener perhaps with a pipe in his mouth, and preserving deep silence; they give solemn attention to the speaker, who, with great action and energy of language, delivers his message; and if his eloquence please, they esteem him as a god. Decorum is never broken: there are never two speakers struggling to anticipate each other; they do not express their spleen by blows; they restrain passionate invective; the debate is never disturbed by an uproar; questions of "order" are unknown. Bancroft.

THE TEUTON.

THE Teutonic tribes have a national singleness of heart, which contrasts with the Latin races. The German name has a proverbial significance of sincerity and honest meaning. The arts bear testimony to it. The faces of clergy and laity in old sculptures and illuminated missals are charged with earnest belief... Add to this hereditary rectitude, the punctuality and precise dealing which commerce creates, and you have the English truth and credit. The government strictly performs its engagements. The subjects do not understand trifling on its part. When any breach of promise occurred in the old days of prerogative, it was resented by the people as an intolerable grievance. And, in modern times, any slipperiness in the government in political faith, or any repudiation or crookedness in matters of finance, would bring the whole nation to a committee of inquiry and reform... Private men keep their promises, never so trivial. Down goes the flying word on the tablets, and is indelible as Domesday Book.

Beasts that make no truce with man do not break faith with each other. 'Tis said, that the wolf, who makes a cache of his prey, and brings his fellows with him to the spot, if, on digging, it is not found, is instantly and unresistingly torn in pieces. English veracity seems to result on a sounder animal

...

structure, as if they could afford it. They are blunt in saying what they think, sparing of promises, and they require plain dealing in others. We will not have to do with a man in a mask. Let us know the truth. Draw a straight line, hit whom and where it will... Alfred, whom the affection of the nation makes the type of their race, is called by his friend, Asser, the truth-speaker. Geoffrey, of Monmouth, says of King Aurelius, uncle of Arthur, that "above all things he hated a lie." The Northman Guttorm said to King Olaf, "It is royal work to fulfil royal words "... To be king of their word is their pride. When they unmask cant they say, "The English of this is," &c.; and to give the lie is the extreme insult. The phrase of the lowest of the people is, "Honor bright;" and their vulgar praise, "His word is as good as his bond." They hate shuffling and equivocation; and the cause is damaged in the public opinion on which any paltering can be fixed... Even Lord Chesterfield, with his French breeding, when he came to define a gentleman, declared that truth made his distinction and nothing ever spoken by him would find so hearty a suffrage from his nation. The Duke of Wellington, who had the best right to say so, advised the French General Kellermann, that he might rely on the parole of an English officer... The English of all classes value themselves on this trait as distinguishing them from the French, who, in the popular belief, are more polite than true. An Englishman understates, avoids the superlative, checks himself in compliments, alleging that in the French language one cannot speak without lying.

At St. George's festival, in Montreal, where I happened to be a guest since my return to America, I observed that the chairman complimented his compatriots by saying, "They confided that wherever they met an Englishman they found a man who would speak the truth." And one cannot think this festival fruitless, if, all over the world, on the 23rd of April, wherever two or three English are found, they meet to encourage each other in the nationality of veracity.

Emerson.