Somerset and Worcester Counties, Maryland, and still more so in the two peninsula counties of Virginia. Polygala ramosa Ell. Noticed only once, and that in Southampton County, Virginia. (Several southern pine-barren plants seem to have their northern limits in this same general region, a little west of Dismal Swamp.) Ilex opaca Ait. First noticed a little south of Bloxom, Accomac County, Virginia, and last about seven miles east of Emporia. In the "manual region" this species seems to be almost confined to the coastal plain, but farther south it is not so restricted. Nymphaea advena Ait. Seen in most of the rivers and estuaries of Delaware and Maryland, but not at all in Virginia. Farther south it is not known in the coastal plain at all, its place being taken by other species of the same genus. Magnolia virginiana L. First seen just north of Townsend, Delaware, apparently just about where the Miocene begins. Last seen in Brunswick County, Virginia, about 12 miles west of Emporia. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Seen a few times between Kirkwood and Wyoming, Delaware, stopping just about where Pinus Taeda begins. Not seen elsewhere in the coastal plain on this trip. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (Lately known as F. ferruginea, atropunicea, or Americana.) Not seen until after passing King's Creek, Somerset County, Maryland, strange to say. Thence rather common southward. Possibly this represents the var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fernald & Rehder (Rhodora 9: 114. 1907), to which is assigned a decidedly more southern range than the type. Myrica cerifera L. Abundant in the two peninsula counties of Virginia, often attaining a height of ten or twelve feet. Common in the coastal plain west of Norfolk, to within about seven miles of Emporia. Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. Common in the coastal plain west of Norfolk, and seen once in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, fifty miles west of Emporia. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Seen twice in Somerset County, Maryland, and several times between Suffolk and Drewryville, Virginia. It seems to stop about twenty miles short of the fallline in Virginia. Sterrett, Williamson, and others have reported it from southern Delaware. Pinus virginiana Mill. First seen between Viola and Felton, Del., thence rather frequent to Cape Charles. It probably does not occur at all in the coastal plain south of Hampton Roads, however. In the Piedmont region of Virginia it begins to appear in Mecklenburg County, and occurs at infrequent intervals from there to the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge. Pinus rigida was not seen at all on this trip, which is rather surprising in view of its reported abundance in New Jersey.* Pinus Taeda L. Common from Dover, Del., to Emporia, Va., thence more scattered in Brunswick County (in the Piedmont region), and rather scarce in Mecklenburg County, where most of the specimens seen were second growth. Last seen between South Hill and Union Level, about 118 miles west of Norfolk. Pinus echinata Mill. Seen once in Maryland, three times in the Virginia part of the Delaware peninsula, and eight or ten times between Norfolk and Emporia. As Pinus Taeda fades away this species becomes more abundant, and it is the prevailing pine in the Piedmont region. Pinus palustris was not seen anywhere, though the conditions appeared very favorable for it in some places in Nansemond County, Virginia, and it was formerly reported farther north than that.t * In this connection Vermeule's remarks on its occurrence in the southwestern part of New Jersey (Ann. Rep. State Geol. N. J. 1899 [Forests]: 97-98. 1900) are of interest. † See Bull. Torrey Club 34: 375. 1907. TERATOLOGICAL FORMS OF CITRUS FRUITS * BY S. B. PARISH Malformations as remarkable as are some of those which have been described and figured in the pomes, notably the pear, do not appear to have been noticed in the hesperidiums. But while these curious forms are of merely scientific interest, and are without economic importance, among oranges and lemons those most commercially valued are, teratologically considered, mere monstrosities. The best lemons are varieties which habitually abort the ovules, and, therefore, bear seedless fruits, which are, for that very reason, preferred to those which are perfect and seed-bearing. There are also other, and objectional deformities to which the lemon is subject. The simplest of these is a roughening and thickening of parts of the rind, causing elevated longitudinal ribs, or sections, of greater or less breadth. Occasionally the carpels themselves are more or less atrophied. This results in such forms as d and e in the accompanying figure, in which the vestiges of the carpels are contained in the bulb-like extremities of the fruit. In ƒ and g are shown forms of still further degeneracy, in which the carpels have entirely disappeared, only the pericarp remaining, which is further deformed by fission. Syncarpy, one of the commonest teratological conditions in fruits, is often exhibited by lemons. In specimens which have come under my observation it was confined to the coherence of only two individuals, but it is probable that a larger number may sometimes be involved. In some cases the coalesence is so complete that the proper outline of the fruit is little affected; more commonly the union is incomplete. Usually one member is not fully developed, as a and c, or both may be only imperfectly developed, as shown in b. Syncarpy also occurs in the orange, but more rarely than in the lemon. The most esteemed varieties of the orange are also those which abort the ovules, and produce seedless fruit. This is the case with the navel, the choicest orange grown in California, which exhibits, in addition, a more pronounced teratological modifica *Illustrated with the aid of the Catherine McManes Fund. tion. A navel is, in reality, the consolidation of two oranges, one rudimentary, whose atrophied remains occupy the distal extremity of the developed fruit. In the market are found only specimens in which the abortive orange is merely vestigial, and is entirely included within the rind of the developed one, its pres ence being indicated by a small orifice, the so-called "navel." But among the "culls," which are rejected in packing, may be found abundant examples in which the secondary orange is more nearly normal, and is often more or less, occasionally entirely, exterior to the other. It may even contain a few reduced carpels with juicy cells, but is always wrinkled and corrugated. In other cases it takes the form of a cornute projection, which may be two or three inches in length. However small the "navel" orifice may be it is point of weakness in the rind of the orange, and renders it peculiarly liable to "splitting." This is a term applied to the opening of fissures in the pericarp, whereby germs of decay are admitted to the interior. Orchardists are not agreed as to the causes which produce the tension within the orange, but the resultant ruptures often occasion a large percentage of loss in the crop. SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA THE FATE OF A VIOLET, OR THE BENEFIT OF CLEISTOGAMY BY E. J. HILL The efficacy of cleistogamy in the preservation of a species under adverse conditions of environment was well shown by a case which came under my observation a few years ago. The area now comprised in Hamilton Park, one of the smaller parks of Chicago, is but a block from where I have lived since 1885, and was familiar ground for botanical study and collecting for ten years previous. It was in part undisturbed prairie; in part wooded by a scattered growth of oaks and shrubs in the dryer portion. There was a low ridge of sand forming the southern part of the area, with an herbaceous flora common to low sand dunes. The remainder was wet or wettish prairie in which the sand was mixed with humus a foot or more in depth, making a black soil resting on the pure sand of the old lake bottom, akin to that of the low ridge. The property being for a long time in litigation was nearly all left vacant until used for the park, while the grounds contiguous had been largely taken for dwellings. The making of streets and construction of sewers served to drain the wet sections, and as commonly happened in such cases some of the plants of the dry ground moved into the drained portion to associate with, or supplant, the less resistant original occupants; and plots where Cypripedium candidum, Viola blanda, V. lanceolata, and the like once flourished were taken by Phlox bifida, Viola pedata, and their associates. The last mentioned did this |