Language and LinguisticsThis 1981 book is a general introduction to linguistics and the study of language, intended particularly for beginning students and readers with no previous knowledge or training in the subject. There is first a general account of the nature of language and of the aims, methods and basic principles of linguistic theory. John Lyons then introduces in turn each of the main sub-fields of linguistics: the sounds of language, grammar, semantics, language change, psycholinguistics: the sounds of language, grammar, semantics, language change, psycholinguistics, language and culture. Throughout the book he emphasizes particularly those aspects of the discipline that seem fundamental and most likely to remain important. He stresses throughout the cultural at least as much as the biological context of human language, and shows how the linguist's concerns connect productively with those of the traditional humanities and the social sciences. Each chapter has a wide-ranging set of discussion questions and revision exercises, and extensive suggestions for further reading. The exposition is marked throughout by the author's characteristic clarity, balance and authority. |
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Contents
Language | 1 |
12 Some definitions of language | 3 |
13 Languagebehaviour and languagesystems | 8 |
14 Language and speech | 11 |
15 The semiotic point of view | 17 |
16 The fiction of homogeneity | 24 |
17 There are no primitive languages | 27 |
Further reading | 31 |
Languagechange | 177 |
62 Languagefamilies | 182 |
63 The comparative method | 190 |
64 Analogy and borrowing | 199 |
65 The causes of languagechange | 205 |
Further reading | 211 |
Some modern schools and movements | 214 |
72 Structuralism | 216 |
Linguistics | 33 |
22 Is linguistics a science? | 35 |
23 Terminology and notation | 44 |
24 Linguistics is descriptive not prescriptive | 45 |
25 Priority of synchronic description | 52 |
26 Structure and system | 57 |
Further reading | 62 |
The sounds of language | 64 |
32 Phonetic and orthographic representation | 67 |
33 Articulatory phonetics | 70 |
34 Phonemes and allophones | 82 |
35 Distinctive features and suprasegmental phonology | 87 |
36 Phonological structure | 93 |
Further reading | 96 |
Grammar | 98 |
42 Grammatically productivity and arbitrariness | 102 |
43 Parts of speech formclasses and grammatical categories | 107 |
44 Some additional grammatical concepts | 111 |
45 Constituentstructure | 115 |
46 Generative grammar | 122 |
Further reading | 127 |
Questions and exercises | 129 |
Semantics | 134 |
homonymy polysemy synonymy | 142 |
sense and denotation | 149 |
54 Semantics and grammar | 154 |
55 Sentencemeaning and utterancemeaning | 161 |
56 Formal semantics | 168 |
Further reading | 173 |
Questions and exercises | 174 |
73 Functionalism | 222 |
74 Generativism | 226 |
Further reading | 233 |
Questions and exercises | 234 |
Language and mind | 236 |
82 Mentalism rationalism and innateness | 240 |
83 Language and the brain | 246 |
84 Languageacquisition | 249 |
85 Other areas of psycholinguistics | 255 |
86 Cognitive science and artificial intelligence | 260 |
Further reading | 262 |
Language and society | 264 |
92 Accent dialect and idiolect | 266 |
93 Standards and vernaculars | 274 |
94 Bilingualism codeswitching and diglossia | 279 |
95 Practical applications | 284 |
96 Stylistic variation and stylistics | 288 |
Further reading | 295 |
Questions and exercises | 296 |
Language and culture | 299 |
102 The SapirWhorf hypothesis | 301 |
103 Colourterms | 310 |
104 Pronouns of address | 315 |
105 Cultural overlap cultural diffusion and translatability | 320 |
Further reading | 327 |
Questions and exercises | 328 |
Bibliography | 331 |
Index | 349 |
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Common terms and phrases
accepted acquisition allophones articulatory articulatory phonetics behaviour bilingual Cambridge chapter Chomsky Chomsky's Chomskyan colour-terms communication concepts concerned consonants context culture definition denotation determined diachronic diglossia distinction example expressions fact French function generativism German grammatical structure Grimm's Law historical linguistics hypothesis identified important inflection interpretation kind language-acquisition language-behaviour language-change language-community language-system Latin less lexemes lexical linguistic competence literary logical London modern morphemes nasal native speakers natural languages Neogrammarians normally notion noun particular languages philosophical phonetic phonological phrase place of articulation point of view polysemy Prague School principle properties prosodic Proto-Germanic proto-languages psycholinguistics psychology reason reference relation relevant respect rules Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Saussurean semantics semiotic sense sentences so-called social sociolinguistics speech speech-sounds spoken language Standard English stylistic synchronic synonymy syntactic syntagms syntax theoretical theory tion traditional grammar traditionally transformational grammar translation University Press utterances verb vocabulary voiceless vowels word-forms words York