Page images
PDF
EPUB

TIMES OF UPPER MERIDIAN PASSAGE OF POLARIS, OR NORTH STAR, 1895.

Surveyors and civil engineers may obtain the variation of the magnetic needle for any place in the United States by directing
their compass to the North Star (Polaris) when it is upon the meridian, as given in the table below, for the upper culmination:
or 11 hours 58 minutes before or after, when the star is on the lower meridian. Exact local time is used in the table, and the
timepiece used must be correct, and the bearing of the star taken promptly on time, and that bearing will be the true variation of
the needle. An error of only a few seconds in the timepiece will vitiate the bearing found; therefore, it will be much better to
take the bearing when the star is furthest east or west, or at its greatest elongation, as observations made upon it then are not
affected materially by small errors of timepieces. To use this table for places west of the Washington meridian, subtract
10 seconds for each hour of longitude west of Washington. When the upper culmination occurs in the daytime from February 1 to
August 1, use the lower culmination.

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

5:43:30

6:27:56 4:24:33 6:22:59 4:20:37 2:30:09 6:19:02] 4:16:40 2:26:12 6:15:53 4:12:43 2:22:16 6:11:08] 4:08:46 2:18:20 6:07:11 4:04:49 2:14:23 6:03:14 4:00:52 2:10:27 0:08:27 5:59:18 3:56:55 2:06:30 0:04:31 5:55:21 3:52:58 2:02:33 Morn. 5:51:24 3:49:01 1:58:37 11:56:39 5:47:27 3:45:05 1:54:41 11:52:43 3:41:08

2:34:05

0:32:00

10:34:11

8:32:40

6:35:11

0:28:06

10:30:16]

8:28:45

6:31:16

0:24:09] 10:26:20 0:20:13 10:22:25 0:16:17 10:18:29] 0:12:22]

8:24:50

9:58:54

9:54:58

15.

16.

5:39:33 3:37:11 5:35:36 3:33:15

1:50:44 11:48:48 1:46:48 11:44:52

[blocks in formation]

1:42:52 11:40:56

[blocks in formation]

6:27:21 8:20:55 6:23:26 8:17:00 6:19:32 10:14:34) 8:13:05 6:15:37 10:10:39 $:09:10 6:11:42 10:06:43 8:05:15 6:07:47 10:02:49 8:01:19 6:03:52 7:57:24 5:59:57 3:58:341 1:57:04 11:55:21 7:53:59 5:56:02 3:54:39 1:53:09] 11:51:25 7:49:35 5:52:07 3:50:44 1:49:13 11:47:30 7:45:40 5:48:12 3:46:49 1:45:18 11:43:34 9:43:12 7:41:43 5:44:17 3:42:54 1:41:22 11:39:38 1:39:06 11:37:00 9:39:16 7:37:50 5:40:22 3:38:59 1:37:27 11:35:43 1:35:00 11:33:04 9:35:21 7:33:55 5:36:27 3:35:03 1:33:31 11:31:47 1:31:04 11:29:09 9:31:26 7:30:00 5:32:33 3:31:08] 1:29:35 11:27:51 1:27:07 11:25:13 9:27:30 7:26:05 5:28:38 3:27:13 1:25:40 11:23:55 1:23:11 11:21:18 9:23:35 7:22:10 5:24:43 3:23:19 1:21:44 11:19:59 1:19:15 11:17:22 9:19:41 7:18:15 5:20:48 3:19:23 1:17:49 11:16:03 1:15:18 11:13:26) 9:15:46 7:14:20 5:16:53 3:15:28 1:13:54 11:12:07 1:11:22 11:09:31 9:11:51 7:10:25 5:12:58 3:11:33 1:09:59 11:08:11 5:00:05 2:57:45 1:07:26 11:05:35 9:07:56 7:06:30 5:09:03 3:07:38 1:06:04 11:04:16 4:56:08] 2:53:48 1:03:29 11:01:40 9:04:01 7:02:36 5:05:08 1:02:08 11:00:20 4:52:10 2:49:51 0:59:33 10:57:44 9:00:05 6:58:41 5:01:13 0:58:12 10:56:24 4:48:13 2:45:55 0:55:38 10:53:49 8:56:10 6:54:46 4:57:18 0:56:17 10:52:28 0:51:42 10:49:53] 8:52:15] 6:50:51 4:53:23 0:50:21 10:48:31 0:47:46 10:45:59 8:48:20 6:46:56 4:49:29 0:46:25 10:44:35 8:42:31 6:44:09

4:33:49 2:32:21 4:29:54 2:28:26 0:30:43 10:24:55 8:26:44 4:25:59 2:24:31 0:26:47 10:21:00 8:22:47 4:22:04 2:20:35 0:22:52 10:17:03 8:18:51 4:18:09] 2:16:40 4:14:13 2:12:44 4:10:18 2:08:49

[blocks in formation]

31

4:36:221

0:43:50]

8:44:24)

4:45:34

2:44:07

10:40:39

6:40:12

AZIMUTH TABLE OF POLARIS, OR NORTH STAR, 1895.

The azimuths in the annexed table, applied properly to the magnetic bearing of Polaris at the time of its greatest elongation east or west, will give the true variation of the magnetic needle from a true north direction, and will be of great use to all surveyors and engineers. When the elongation is east the azimuth will be east and vice versa. At the present time, the line of "No Variation" of the needle runs southeasterly from near Toledo, Ohio, to a point on the Atlantic coast about fifty miles southwest of Cape Fear, N. C. East of that line the north end of the needle points west of a true north, and west of that line east of the true north. The country may therefore be divided into eastern and western magnetic regions. In the "Eastern Region" the bearing of Polaris at its western elongation, if eastward, added to the azimuth, gives the desired variation west; but if westward, the bearing taken from the azimuth gives the variation west. The bearing of Polaris at its eastern elongation will be eastward, and the azimuth subtracted gives the variation west. In the "Western Region" the bearing of Polaris at its eastern elongation, if westward, added to the azimuth, gives the variation east; but if eastward, the bearing taken from the azimuth gives the variation east. The bearing of Polaris at its western elongation will be westward, and diminished by the azimuth gives the variation east. The azimuths in the table, given for two degree zones, are practically sufficient for all the United States except Alaska. For intermediate latitudes, or dates, the azimuths may be found by proportion sufficiently correct, or exactly by the formula, log-sine azimuth equal log-sine Polar Distance of Polaris, minus log-cosine latitude. The surveyor or engineer is on the line of "No Variation" when the bearing of Polaris at greatest elongation is the same as the azimuth. Azimuth of Polaris at its Greatest Elongation East or West. For the Latitudes and Dates Given Below.

Month.

tance of

Day....
Polaris.o

Dis

Polar

290 North

310 33° North North "1 0 / 11 0 1 11 10 1

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

0 / 11 01 11 0 / 0 / 11 61 31 13 1 33 341 36 91 39 01 42 10 1 45 40

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[blocks in formation]

6

13

34

9

[ocr errors]

10

40

[blocks in formation]

December.. 311 14 231 25 31 26 47 1 28 42 1 30 49 1 33 91 35 43 1 38 341 41 431 45 12

PERPETUAL CALENDAR.

Showing the Day of the Week of any Date,
EXPLANATION.-Under or over each
month will be found the names
or ab-
breviations for the days of the week, ar-
ranged in seven different orders or se-
quences, reading from left to right.

These are marked as sequence A, sequence B, and so on. At the right or left of each sequence is given the centurial

Old Style or New, Before or After Christ. year of the century for which that sequence may be used-old style dates, or reckonings under the Julian Calendar, marked at the left; new style dates, according to the Gregorian Calendar, at the right; thus 16 at left of sequence D shows that this sequence is to be used for all old style dates from 1600 to 1699, as the cate

of landing of Pilgrims, Dec. 11, O. S., 1620. At the right of sequence F, 16 shows that this is the sequence for all new style dates in the same period, as the landing of Pilgrims, Dec. 21, 1620. The 18 at right of sequence D indicates this as the one to use for the present century, 1800 to 1899.

Above or beneath those sequences are given, for each month, the odd years of the century, from 00 to 99, reading from left to right and so arranged that all the years of a century in which the first of the month falls on a certain day of the week are in the same column. Thus, take the table for January and the sequence for the present century, D, all the years in The first column, 4, 9, 15, 26, etc., are over Sunday in the sequence named; so the 1st of January in all these years is Sunday. In the second column are all the years in which the 1st falls on Monday, and so on. If we bear in mind that the 8th, 15th, 224 and 29th of any month will come on the same day of the week as the 1st, this arrangement gives at once the day of the week of five dates in any month, and from these the day of any other date in that month can easily be found.

Now with a given date to find the day of the week, as Aug. 23, 1841. In the table for August find the given year 41; take the sequence in line with the centurial year 18, D, and in this sequence above 41 we find Sunday. The August 1 in that year was Sunday, and the 8th, 15th and 22d must have fallen on Sun ay also; and if the 224 was Sunday, the 23d was Monday. What day of the week was Dec. 11, O. S., 1620? Use sequence D for 1600s O. S. and in this above 20 in December find Friday. Then the 1st and the 8th came on Friday, and the 11th must have been Monday.

Take the same date as given, new style, Dec. 21, 1620. Use sequence F for the 1600s N. S. and above 20 find Tuesday, which was the 1st and the 22d, and the 21st was Monday. Then the Pilgrims landed on Monday.

If the last Thursday in November, 1885, be Thanksgiving Day, what will be the date? We find that in 1885 the 1st, and therefore the 29th, of November comes on Sunday; then the preceding Thursday, or Nov. 26th, is the last Thursday, or Thanksgiving Day.

the

This arrangement involves no comparison or distinction further than this: For the months of January and February of centesimal leap years only, as 1600, 2000, etc., by the Gregorian Calendar, heavy-faced 00s in the first column are to be used, but for centesimal years not leap years the 00s in the second column are required. By the Julian Calendar every centesimal year was leap year; by the Gregorian Calendar only every fourth cen tesimal year is a leap year. 1700 O. S. then should be regarded as a leap year, while 1700 N. S. is not.

As to the intervals between the times when a given day of the month falls on a certain week day, as Jan. 1st on Saturday, this occurred in 1803-14-20-25-31, and so on at intervals of 11, 6, 5 and 6 years, which intervals are repeated and would continue without interruption but for the omission of leap year in 1900, which will

cause an irregularity of 12 years, either in one period, or in two intervals of 6 years each, or in one of 7 and another of 5 years, after which the regular intervals will be successively repeated again. But notice the difference in the grouping of the years under January and February, and that of the other ten months. Take the years in the column in which we find 3 under any other month, and the calen dar for those months repeats as follows: 3. 8, 14, 25, 31, showing that the order for an entire year recurs less frequently, as in 3, 14, 25, 31. The order for any leap year is repeated at intervals of 28 years; thus the calendar for 1856 corresponds with that for 1884, and this order would obtain again in 1912 but for the omission of leap year in 1900, by which the interval is extended 12 years, and the 29th of February will not fall on Friday again until 1924. The order for any year next succeeding a leap year will be repeate in 6 years, while the orders for the second and third years following a leap year will be repeated in 11 years. Then the calendar for '81 will be repeated in '87; the order that obtained in '82 will occur again in '93, but that for '83 corresponds with '94.

What has been shown as to leap year dates, as Feb. 29th, recurring on the same day of the week, is of course true of Inauguration Day. March 4th, of every fourth year. This came on Sunday in 1821, 1819 and 1877, an if 1900 were a leap year it would occur again in 1905, but owing to that omission it will not recur until 1917. The irregular interval caused by the omission of leap year is sometimes 40 and sometimes 12 days. Under the Julian Calendar, established 40 B. C. by Julius Caesar, the calendar for an entire century was repeated every 700 years, and therefore the sequence of days given here for 1700 O. S., G., answers also for the time 700 years earlier, i. e., the century 1000 to 1099; also for the years 300 to 399. In this way the sequences given may cover the time back to the beginning of the Christian Era. Under the Gregorian Calendar the orders are repeated every 400 years, and only four of the sequences are required, viz., C, D, E and F: F serving alike for 1600 and 2000, E for 1700 and 2100, etc.

Pope Gregory Xai in 1582 undertook to reform the Julian Calendar. To correct the errors that had accumulated and to guard against future inaccuracies, he suppresse ten days and provided for the omission of leap year every centesimal year, excepting every fourth centesimal year. Under the Gregorian Calendar 1700, 1800 and 1900 are not counted as leap years, but 1600 and 2000 are. This calendar was adopted by Germany in 1700 and by England not until 1752, by which time, as 1700 had passed as leap year, the difference amounted to 11 days, and Parlia ment rectified the error by suppressing 11 days in September of that year. The Julian Calendar still prevails in Russia, and as 1800 has passed with them as leap year, the difference between their reckoning and ours is 12 days, so that August 7 in Russia is the same as August 19 with

us.

(See Page 9.)

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][subsumed][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

MARCH.

COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY WILMOT H. THOMPSON, ORANGE, N. J.

NOV'R.

[ocr errors]

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

OCTOBER.

SEPTR.

DEC'R.

6

MOON'S PHASES.

First Quarter

Full Moon

New Moon
Last Quarter

[blocks in formation]

Calendar for Boston, Mass,, Calendar for N. York city;
N. Hampshire, Vermont, So. New York, Conn.,
Central New York, So. R. L., Pa., N. J., North-
Michigan and Wisconsin, ern part of Ohio, Ind.,
North Iowa, Wyoming, and Ill., 8o. lowa, Neb.,
So. Idaho, So. Oregon. N. Col., Utah, Nev., Cal.
Sun Sun Moon H. W. Sun Sun Moon A. W.
rises. sets. Beta. Doston rises. Bets. Beta. N. Y.

Cal. for Wash.,D.C.;

Del., Md., Va., W.
Va.,,S. Ohio, Ind.,
Ill., N. Mo., Kan.,
Cent. Col., C.Utah,
C. Neb., C. Cal.
Sun Sun Moon
rises. sets. seta,

Calendar for Charleston, S.
C.; Georgia, Ala., Miss.,
South Ark., North Lou
Biana, North Texas, 8o.
New Mexico, Southern
Arizona, So. California.
Sun Sun Moon | H. W.
rises. Beta. Bets. Ch't'n.

H. M. S. H.M. H.M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M. H.M.H.M. H. M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M.

Tu 12 3 53 7 374 31 10

DAY OF YEAR.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small]

123456789

87 30 4 38 10 10

2 467 25 4 44 10 12

mo.

W 12 4 21 7 37 4 32 11 12
Th 12 4 48 7 374 33 mo.

7 304 39 11 12 7 304 40 mo.

3 257 25 4 44 11 12 4 47 25 4 45/mo.

7 194 49 10 13 7
10 7 19 4 50 11 12 7

3 5

5 10 16 11 25

35

611 12 mo.

51 7 19 4 51 mo.

7

35

7 mo.

Fr 12 5 16 7 37 4 34

17 7 30 4 41

14

4 48 7 254 46

13

I 347 194 52

127

35 8

8

48

Sa 12

5 43 7 37 4 35

24

7 30 4 42

I 19

5 33 7 254 47

I 16

2 227 194 52

1 137

45 8 1 5

1 33

S 12

6 97 374 36

2 35 7 304 43

2 27

6 337 25 4 48

2 23

3 177 194 53

2 197

45 9 2 7

2 33

7 M 12

635 7 374 37

3 52 7 30 4 44

3 41

7 347 24 4 49

3 35

4 197 19 4 54

3 30 7

45 10

3 14

3 34

8 8 Tu 12

7 07 364 38

5 9 7 294 45

9 9 W 12

7 25 7 364 39

6 237 29 4 46

10 10 Th 12

7 297 294 47

[blocks in formation]

750 7 364 40
1111 Fr 12 8 13 7 364 41 rises 7 28 4 48 rises
12 12 Sa 12 8 37 7 35 4 42 6 35 7 284 49 6 44
1313 S
12 8 59 7 354 44 7 59 7 28 4 50 8 4
1414 M 12 9 21 7 34 4 45 9 19 7 27 4 52 9 21
1515 Tu 12 9 42 7 344 46 10 36 7 27 4 53 10 35
16 16 W 12 10 37 334 47 11 51 7 264 54 11 47
17 17 Th 12 10 23 7 32 4 49 mo. 7 264 55 mo.
1818 Fr 12 10 42 7 324 50 I 47 254 56 58
12 11 07 314 51 2 18 7 254 58 2 8
12 11 18 7 304 53 3 29 7 24 4 59

8 387 24 4 50
9 437 244 51
10 47 7 24 4 52 7 6
11 43 7 24 4 53 rises
ev 37 7 234 54 6 48
1 27 7 234 55 8 7 10 12 7 18 5
2 167 22 4 56 9 22 10 58 7 18 5
3 07 22 4 57 10 34 11 45 7 18 5
3 467 22 4 59 11 45 ev 327 18 5
4 367 215 omo.

4 55

4 48

5 23 7 194 55

4 427

45 11

4 22

4 38

6 7

6 0

6 297 19 4 56

5 53 7

45 12

531

5 43

7 13

7 317 19 4 57

6 557

35 12

6 37

47

8 26 7 19 4 58

rises 7

35 13 rises

743

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]
« PreviousContinue »