2 Solet et hoc quæri, an extra territorium utriusque partis bellum gerentis capta fiant capientium: quod et de rebus et de personis solet in controversiam vocari. Si jus solum gentium respicimus, puto locum hic non considerari, sicut et hostem ubique recte interfici diximus. Sed qui in eo loco imperium habet, potest lege sua prohibere ne id fiat; et si contra legem factum sit, de eo tanquam de delicto poscere potest ut sibi satisfiat. Simile est quod in agro alieno capta fera dicitur capientium fieri, sed a domino agri prohiberi 1.3. D. de posse accessum. adq. rer. domin. L. 16. D. De Servit. et sli. vers. XXVII. Jus autem hoc externum acquirendi res bello præd. rustic. captas ita proprium est belli solennis ex jure gentium, ut in aliis bellis locum non habeat: nam in bellis aliis inter exteros silv. in verbo bell. p. 1. § 3. res non acquiritur vi belli sed in compensationem debiti, quod aliter obtineri non potest. In bellis autem inter cives, sive magna ea, sive parva sint, nulla fit dominii mutatio nisi auctoritate judicis. sed Bocchi [Massinissæ voluit dicere nus exc. legationum 28. Simile vide apud Auctor. J.B.] liberorum fuerat. Appia- Crantzium Saxonicorum XII. (cap. 7.) slain anywhere. But he who has authority over the place, may by his law, prohibit such an act; and if it be done against the law, may require satisfaction. It is like the case in which a wild creature taken in another's land is said to be the property of the captor: but our access to it may be prohibited by the owner of the land. XXVII. This external right*, however, of becoming the owner of things captured in war, is peculiar to a regular war according to the Laws of Nations, so that it does not obtain in other wars. For in other wars between strangers, a thing is not acquired by force of the war, but as a compensation for a debt which cannot otherwise be obtained. But in wars between citizens, whether they be great or small wars, there is no change of ownership without the authority of a judge. A right which exists between persons of different nations. octavo. de statu ho minum. CAPUT VII. DE JURE IN CAPTIVOS. I. Omnes captos bello solenni jure gentium servos fieri: porales, dominum sequi. V. Causa cur id constitutum. SERVI gere? VII. An et domino resistere ? gentes semper obtinuisse : L. 1 CERVI natura quidem, id est, citra factum humanum aut primævo naturæ statu, hominum nulli sunt, ut et alibi diximus: quo sensu recte accipi potest quod L.4.1. D. a jurisconsultis dictum est, contra naturam esse hanc servitutem: ut tamen facto hominis, id est, pactione aut delicto, servitus originem acciperet, justitiæ naturali non repugnat, but alibi quoque ostendimus. 2 At eo de quo nunc agimus gentium jure aliquanto latius patet servitus, tum quoad personas, tum quoad effecta. Nam personas si spectamus, non soli qui se dedunt aut servitutem promittunt pro servis habentur: sed omnes omnino • Ut et alibi diximus] Libro 11. c. xxii. § 11. b Ut alibi quoque ostendimus] Libro 11. cap. v. § 27. c Belli lege] Servius ad primum Eneidos (vers. 619) de flercule: a cujus portu cum eum Laomedon arceret, occisus est, et ejus filia Hesione belli jure sublata comiti Telamoni tradita est, qui primus ascenderat murum, unde Teucer natus est. Idem ad x. Eneidos eandem narrans historiam: Hesionem Graci CHAPTER VII. Of the Right over Prisoners of War. I. 1 By nature, that is, in the primeval state of nature, and without the act of man, no men are slaves, as we have elsewhere said; and in this sense we. may assent to what the jurists say, that slavery is against nature. But that slavery should have its origin in human act, that is, in convention or delict, is not repugnant to natural justice, as we have also shewn. 2 But by the laws of nations, of which we now speak, slavery is more comprehensive, both as to persons, and effects. For, if we regard the persons, it is not those only who surrender themselves, or promise slavery, who are reckoned slaves; but all persons whatever who are taken in a regular war, as soon as they are brought intra præsidia, as Pomponius says. Nor is delict requisite; the lot of all is 'de captivis. bello solenni publico capti, ex quo scilicet intra præsidia perducti sunt: ut ait Pomponius. Neque delictum requiritur, L. 5. §1. D. sed par omnium sors est, etiam eorum qui fato suo, ut dixi- L. in bello. mus, cum bellum repente exortum esset, intra hostium fines capt. deprehenduntur. 12. D. de 3 Polybius historiarum secundo: τί δ ̓ ἂν παθόντες οὗ- Cap. 58. τοι δίκην δόξαιεν αρμόζουσαι δεδωκέναι; τυχὸν ἴσως εἴποι τις ἂν πραθέντες μετὰ τέκνων καὶ γυναικῶν, ἐπεὶ κατεπολεμήθησαν. ἀλλὰ τοῦτό γε καὶ τοῖς μηδὲν ἀσεβὲς ἐπιτελεσαμένοις κατὰ τοὺς τοῦ πολέμου νόμους υπόκειται παθεῖν· quid, inquit, patiendum his est ut justa supplicia pendant? dicat forte aliquis vendendos cum liberis et uxori-. bus quando armis victi sunt. At hæc belli lege etiam illis ferenda sunt, qui nihil impii commiserunt. Atque eo fit id quod Philo notat his verbis: πολλοὶ πολλάκις καιροις Libro omnem ἀβουλήτοις τῶν σφόδρα ἀστείων τὴν ἐκ γένους ἀπέβαλον bonum tine ἐλευθερίαν· multi viri boni variis casibus nativam amiserunt libertatem. virum esse rum, p. 806. 4 Dion Prusæensis, cum modos acquirendi dominii quos grat. xv. r. dam recitasset: τρίτος δὲ κτήσεως τρόπος, ὅταν ἐν που λέμῳ λαβὼν αἰχμάλωτον τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἔχη κατα δουλωσάμενον· ubi quem quis bello nactus captivum hoc malo servum factum possidet. Trojanis reddere noluerunt, dicentes se eam habere jure bellorum. (vers. 91.) Josephus libro πιν. αἰχμαλωτισθέντας οὐ νόμῳ πολέμου cum capti essent non belli jure. (Cap. xii. § 2. divis. Hudson.) τῷ τῶν δοριαλώτων νόμῳ. Idem alibi: δορυληπτῶν θεσμῷ, jure eo quod in Sic pueros bello captos ab captos constitutum est, ait Menander alike: even of those, as we have said, who by their destiny are found within the enemies' boundaries when war breaks out. 3 So Polybius says, What punishment have these justly incurred? some one may say, when he sees men sold with their wives and children, when they have been conquered in war. These calamities are by the laws of war to be borne by those who have done no wrong. And hence, as Philo notes, many good men have, by various misfortunes, lost the liberty to which they were born. 4 Dio Prusæensis, after reciting some modes of acquiring ownership, adds, When a person, having acquired another as a captive in war, holds him as a slave. So to carry off boys captured in war Oppian calls the Law of War. ducere Toλéμov vóμov vocat Oppianus de piscatu 11. [vers. 316.] cuntur. II. Neque vero ipsi tantum servi fiunt, sed et posteri in perpetuum, nempe qui ex matre serva post servitutem nasEt hoc est quod jure gentium servos nostros fieri L. 5. 1. D. dixit Martianus, qui ex ancillis nostris nascuntur. Servitio subjectum uterum dixit Tacitus, agens de Germani ducis de statu ho minum. Ann. i. 59. 5. uxore. III. 1 Effecta vero juris hujus infinita sunt, ita ut in Lib. x. contr. servum 'domino nihil non licere dixerit pater Seneca. Nulla perpessio est quae non impune servis illis imponatur, nulla actio quæ non quovis modo imperetur aut extorqueatur: ita ut etiam sævitia dominorum in serviles personas impunita sit, nisi quatenus lex civilis sævitiæ modum pœnamque ponit. Apud omnes peræque gentes, ait Caius, animadvertere possumus dominis in servos vitæ necisque potestatem fuisse. Addit deinde, fines huic potestati positos ex lege Romana, in Andr.act. 1. solo scilicet Romano. Huc pertinet illud Donati ad Terentium, quid non justum domino in servum ? L. 1. D.de his qui sui Inst. de his qui sui vel alien. juris sunt. vel al juris. sc. 1. v. 9. 1 Locus Seneca non est e Lib. x. Contr. 5. ut ex prima Editione reposuimus (nam in aliis I. pro X. irrepserat) sed e Lib. v. Controv. 34. in qua idem argumentum tractatur, ut patet ex titulo: unde natus error Auctoris nostri. J. B. d Restringitur eorum sententia, qui dicunt incorporalia belli jure non acquiri] Valerius Maximus lib. VI. cap. ix. num. 11. de Cn. Cornelio Asina: qui consul a Pœnis apud Luparas cap IL. And not only do they themselves become slaves, but their posterity for ever; that is, those who are born of a slave-mother in slavery. And this is what Martianus says, that by the Law of Nations, those are born our slaves, who are born of our slave-servants. The womb was subjected to slavery, says Tacitus, speaking of the wife of a German leader: [Arminius, whose wife was pregnant when she came into the power of the Romans. Gronov.] III. 1 The effects of this right are unlimited, so that the master may do any thing lawfully to the slave, as Seneca says. There is no suffering which may not be inflicted on such slaves with impunity; no act which may not in any manner be commanded or cxtorted; so that even cruelty in the masters, towards persons of servile condition, is unpunished; except so far as the Civil Law imposes limits and punishments for cruelty. In all nations alike, says Caius, we may see that the masters have the power of life and death over slaves. He adds afterwards, that by the Roman Law, limits were set to this power, that is, on Roman ground. So Donatus on Terence, What is not lawful from a master to a slave? 2 Sed et res omnes, quae captæ fuerant, cum persona acquiruntur domino. Ipse servus qui in potestate alterius est, ait Justinianus, nihil suum potest habere. Instit. per quas pers. §3. IV. Unde refellitur aut certe restringitur eorum sen- cuique acq. tentia, qui dicunt incorporalia belli jure non acquiri. Nam verum est non primo ac per se acquiri, sed media persona cujus ea fuerunt. Excipienda tamen sunt ea quæ ex singulari personæ proprietate fluunt ac proinde inalienabilia sunt, ut jus patrium. Hæc enim si manere possunt, manent penes personam: si non, extinguuntur. V. 1 Atque hæc omnia jure gentium de quo agimus non aliam ob causam introducta sunt, quam ut tot commodis deliniti captores libenter abstinerent a summo illo rigore quo captos et statim, et post moram interficere poterant, ut ante diximus. *Servorum appellatio, inquit Pomponius, ex eo L. 239. § 1. fluxit, quod Imperatores captivos vendere ac per hoc servare nec occidere solent. Dixi, ut libenter abstinerent: neque enim tus cum belli jure omnia perdidisset. DORFIUM nostrum, De Jure Nat. et • Servorum appellatio ex eo fluxit] D. de V. S. 2 And all the property which is taken becomes the right of the master, along with the person. The slave who is under the power of another, can have nothing of his own, says Justinian. IV. Hence the opinion is refuted, or at least restricted, of those who say that incorporeal things are not acquired by right of war. For it is true that such property is not primarily and per se acquired, but it is acquired by the intervention of a person to whom it had belonged. We must except however rights which flow from a peculiar character of the person, and are therefore inalienable, as the paternal right. If these can remain at all, they remain with the person; if not, they are extinguished. V. 1 All these powers are introduced by the Laws of Nations, for no other cause than this; that the captors, induced by so many advantages, may willingly abstain from the extreme rigour by which they were allowed to put captives to death, either immediately or after any delay, as we have said. They are called servi, says Pomponius, because the conquerors commonly sell them, and so preserve them from being killed. I have said that they may willingly abstain: for it is not a compact by which they are compelled to abstain, if you |