I. 1 Quae in his qui postliminio SICUT recipiantur, etiam transfu- sunt. XII. An subditi postliminio re- XIII. Agros postliminio recipi. XV. Quid circa res mobiles ho- XVI. Quæ res recipiantur, ita XIX. Quando id hodieque locum ICUT de his quæ ex hostibus capiuntur, ita et de postliminii jure nihil ferme sani prodiderunt hi qui retroactis sæculis juris cognitionem professi sunt. Accuratius hæc res a veteribus Romanis tractata est, sed sæpe confuse nimis, ita ut quæ juris gentium, quæque civilis Romani esse vellent, lector nequiret distinguere. 2 De voce postliminii rejicienda Servii sententia, qui par- cicer. Top. tem ejus posteriorem productionem putat esse verbi sine signi- Boeth CHAPTER IX. Of Postliminium. I. 1 Those who in previous ages have treated of jus, as they have given no sound rules concerning captures from the enemy, so have they given no sound rules concerning postliminium. This subject was treated more accurately by the old Romans, but often too confusedly; so that the reader was not able to distinguish what belonged to the Laws of Nations, and what to the Civil or Roman Law. 2 With regard to the word postliminium, we must reject the opinion of Servius, who thinks that the latter part of the word is a lengthen c. 8. et ibid. ficatu: sequendus Scævola, qui junctum docebat esse verbum a post, quod reditum notat, et limine. Nam limen et limes exitu et flexionis modo differunt, cum alioqui origine (veniunt enim ab antiqua voce limo, quæ transversum significat) et primitiva notione idem sint, sicut materia et materies, pavus et pavo, contagio et contages, cucumis et cucumer, quanquam usu seriore factum est ut limen magis ad privata, limes ad publica referretur. Sic veteres eliminare dicebant e finibus ejicere, et exilium nominabant eliminium. C e II. 1 Est ergo postliminium jus quod nascitur ex reditu in limen, id est, fines publicos. Sic Pomponius reversum postliminio ait qui intra præsidia nostra esse cœpit: Paulus cum in fines nostros intraverit. Sed ex paritate rationis consensus gentium rem eo perduxit, ut postliminium locum haberet, etiam si quis homo, aut res ejus generis in quo postliminium esse placuerat, pervenisset ad amicos nostros, ut loquitur dicto ■ Post, quod reditum notat] Unde Postvorta Dea. [quæ præerat partui mulierum. Vide AUL. GELL. Noct. Attic. Lib. XVI. cap. 17. J. B.] Ab antiqua voce limo] Servius ad XII. Eneidos, et Donatus ad illud Eunuchi (111. 5. 63.) limis oculis. Festus: Limus, obliquus, id est, transversus, unde et limina. Isidorus libro xv. cap. 14. limites appellati antiquo verbo trans versi: nam transversa omnia antiqui lima dicebant, a quo et limina ostiorum, per quæ foris et intus itur: et limites, quod per eos foras in agros eatur. In Glossario limes πλαγία ὁδός. c Contagio et contages] Compages et compago, quod ipsum olim fuit compagen, ut docet genitivus, et verbum inde deductum, sicut et sanguis fuit sanguen. ing of the former, without signification. We must follow Scævola, who taught that the word was compounded of post, implying a return, and limen. For limen, a threshold, and limes, a boundary, differ in their ending and declension, but otherwise are the same in their primitive notion and origin; for they come from the old word limo, which signifies transversum, across : like materia and materies; pavus and pavo ; contagio and contages; cucumis and cucumer; although in later usage, it came to pass that limen, a threshold, was referred more to private things, limes, a boundary, to public. So the ancients used eliminare, meaning to expel from the bounds of the state, and exile they called eliminium. II. 1 _Postliminium, then, is the right which arises from returning in limen, that is within the boundaries of the state. Thus Pomponius says, he is returned by postliminium who has begun to be within our præsidia; Paulus, when he has entered our boundaries. But by parity of reason, the consent of nations led to the rule that postliminium should hold, if any man or any thing to which civil rules apply, comes to our friends or allies, as the same two jurists also say. And here loco Pomponius, aut, ut Paulus exempli causa explicat, ad regem socium vel amicum. Quibus in locis amici aut socii intelligendi sunt non simpliciter quibuscum pax est, sed qui partes in bello easdem sequuntur: ad quos qui venerunt, ut Paulus loquitur, nomine publico tuti esse incipiunt. Nihil enim interest, homo aut res, ad hos, aut ad suos pervenerit. 2 Apud eos vero qui amici sunt, sed non earundem partium, bello capti statum non mutant nisi ex speciali pacto: quomodo in secundo federe icto inter Romanos et Carthaginienses Polyb. iii. 24. convenerat, ut qui a Carthaginiensibus capti e populis amicis Romanorum in portus Romanis subditos venissent, in libertatem vindicari possent: utque Carthaginiensium amicis par jus esset. Ideo qui Romanorum bello Punico secundo capti in Plut. Flam. Græciam commercio pervenerant, jus ibi postliminii non habue- PP. 376, 377. runt, quia Græci in eo bello neutras secuti fuerant partes: ac propterea opus fuit eos redimi ut liberarentur. Quin et apud our friends and allies are to be understood, not simply those with whom we are at peace, but those who are of our party in the war. Those who come to such are safe, as if they, man or thing, came to their own people. 2 Coming among those who are friendly, but not of the same party, prisoners of war do not change their condition, except by special compact. As in the second league made between the Romans and Carthaginians, it was agreed that those of the peoples, friends of Rome, who were taken prisoners by the Carthaginians, if they came into ports subject to the Romans, might claim their liberty; and that the friends of the Carthaginians should have a like right. Therefore those of the Romans in the second Punic war, who, being prisoners, came into Greece on commercial designs, had not there the right of postliminium, because the Greeks, in that war, had taken part with neither side: and therefore it was necessary for them to be ransomed, in order to regain their liberty. In Homer too we see prisoners of war sold in neutral places, as Lycaon, Iliad xx. Eurymedusa, Odyssee vin. v. 8, et seqq. voce Post. v. 35, et seqq. Homerum non uno in loco videmus bello captos in locis pacatis venditos, ut Lycaonem Iliados ; Eurymedusam Odysseœ H. III. Vetus Romanorum locutio receptos postliminio etiam Fest. Pomp. homines liberos dicebat. Postliminio receptum (ita enim legendum est) Gallus Elius in libro prima significationum quæ ad jus pertinent, ait esse eum, qui liber e qua civitate in aliam civitatem abierat, in eandem civitatem redit eo jure quod constitutum est de postliminiis. Item, qui servus a nobis in hostium potestatem pervenit, postea ad nos redit in ejus potestatem cujus antea fuit, jure postliminii. Equi et muli et navis eadem ratio est in postliminii receptu (ita tria hæc verba, quæ delenda censet vir incomparabilis in Romani juris studio Jacobus Cujacius, levi mutatione retineri posse arbitror) quæ servi: quæ genera rerum ab hostibus ad nos postliminio redeunt, eadem genera rerum a nobis ad L. 14 D. de hostes redire possunt. Sed posteriores Romani jurisconsulti discrete magis duas statuerunt species postliminii, ut aut nos revertamur, aut aliquid recipiamus. capt. et postl. rev. L. 12. D. eod. tit. d. I. post. IV. 1 Retinendum et illud Tryphonini, qui postliminii jus competere ait in bello aut in pace: sensu paulo alio His qui non virtute bellica superati, sed fato suo deprehensi sunt] Vide exemplum apud Parutam belli Cyprii Lib. I. 1 Vide supra, cap. 6. hujus Libri, § 12. num. 1. J.B. Nisi id pactis erat comprehensum] Vide Josephum Antiquæ Historiæ xIII. 2. Polybius pacta ponit comprehendentia ut captivi redderentur in pace Philippi, Ætolorum, cum exceptione tamen, et Antiochi: excerptis de legationibus 9, 28, 35. Eadem exempla ha bet Livius, et præterea pacis cum Nabide. (Lib. XXXIV. cap. 35.) Similia aliquot suppeditat Zosimus. Ut ecce Probi pax cum Vandalis et Burgundis sic inita: ἐφ ̓ ᾧτε καὶ τὴν λείαν καὶ τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους, οὓς ἔτυχον ἔχοντες, árodovvaι ut et prædam omnem et quoscumque habebant captivos redderent. Lib. 1. (cap. 69.) similem pacem narrat Juliani cum Germanis, (Lib. III. cap. 4.) item cum Quadis qui in Germania, libro 111. [Cap. 7. Sed ibi nihil tale.] Ammianus Marcellinus libro xvII. de rege III. The old phraseology of the Romans spoke of free men also as received by postliminium, namely, if a man went to another city and then returned to his own. Also servants, horses, mules, ships which fell into the enemy's hands, and were then retaken, were recovered by postliminium. The later jurists made two kinds of postliminium: that by which we ourselves return, and that by which we recover anything. IV. 1 The right exists in war and in peace. In peace, it belongs to those who, when the war breaks out, are among the enemy. Other prisoners of war have not postliminium, except that be agreed upon. quam quo idem dixerat Pomponius. In pace postliminium, nisi aliter convenerit, est his qui non virtute bellica superati, sed fato suo deprehensi sunt, ut qui cum bellum subito exarsit apud hostes reperiuntur. Aliis autem captivis in pace postliminium non est, inisi id pactis erat comprehensum, ut optime eum Tryphonini locum emendat doc- sem. 1. 7. tissimus Petrus Faber, non improbante Cujacio: nam hoc et subjecta ratio et oppositum membrum aperte evincunt. Pacem fecerat captivis dimissis, ita enim convenerat, inquit Zonaras. Tom. III. Et Pomponius: si captivus, de quo in pace cautum fuerat ut L. 20. D. de rediret, sua voluntate apud hostes mansit, non est ei postea postliminium. Paulus: si in bello captus pace facta domum L. 28. d. tit. refugit, postliminio redit ad eum a quo priore bello captus erat: si modo non convenerit in pace, ut captivi redde rentur. capt. 2 Causam cur de his qui bellica virtute capti sunt id placuerit ex Servio hanc affert Tryphoninus, quia spem revertendi civibus in virtute bellica magis quam in pace Romani esse voluerunt, nimirum ut Livius loquitur ab antiquo minime Lib. xxii. 59. indulgens in captivos civitas. Sed hæc ratio Romanorum pro Alemanorum Suomario: pacem genibus curvatis orabat: et eam cum concessione p. teritorum sub hac meruit lege, ut captivos redderet nostros. (Cap. 10. p. 188.) Mox de Sarmatis: jussi obtinere sedes impavidi nostros reddidere captivos: (Cap. 12.) de alia rursum Sarmatarum parte idem dicit. Apud Zonaram multa talia: inter cetera in rebus Michaelis qui filius Theophili, de Bulgaro loquens: τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους ἐλευθερῶς σαι συνέθετο promisit captivis se daturum libertatem. [Lib. xvI. cap. v. pag. 163. Edit. Reg. Idem est locus, qui in 2 Hanc emendationem, id, pro nihil, So Triphoninus, emended; and Zonaras. Pomponius says, If a pri soner of war, being allowed by treaty to return, chooses to remain with the enemy, he loses postliminium. Paulus says, If a captive of war, after peace is made, escapes to his home, by postliminium he returns to the master to whom he was captive during the war, except there be a convention that captives are to be returned. 2 The reason why captives taken in war are thus allowed to remain in the enemy's hands, is given by Tryphoninus; That they might place their hope of returning rather in valour than in peace, was the wish of the Romans: the city having little indulgence for captives, as |