qui defecissent sæviturum: nec ab inermi, sed ab armato hoste pœnas expetiturum. 9.7. 2 Quod autem ex recentioribus jurisconsultis non ignobiles, Menoch. Arb. conventiones tales valere dicunt si moribus firmentur, accipio, si jus vocant solam impunitatem, quæ in hoc argumento sæpe venit sub tali nomine: sin a peccato immunes putant, qui ex conventione sola vitam adimunt alicui, vereor, ne et fallantur ipsi, et periculosa auctoritate alios fallant. Plane si qui obses venit, est aut ante fuit in numero graviter delinquentium, aut postea fidem a se datam in re magna fefellit, fieri potest, ut supplicium injuria vacet. 3 At Clœliæ, quæ non sua sponte, sed civitatis jussu obses venerat, cum tranato Tyberi effugisset, apud regem Etruscum non tuta solum, sed et honorata virtus fuit, quæ Livii in hac re enarranda verba sunt. Lib. ii. 13. XIX. Illud adhuc addendum est, omnes commissiones, quæ ad jus consequendum aut bellum finiendum nullius sunt usus, sed meram habent virium ostentationem propositam, id est, ut Græci loquuntur, ἐπίδειξιν ῥώμης μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς που Απ. Lib. 1. λεμίους ἀγῶνα, et cum officio Christiani hominis et cum ipsa humanitate pugnare. Itaque serio hæc vetare debent rectores, inutiliter fusi sanguinis rationem ei reddituri, cujus vice gla pium Excerpto Legationum 1. pag. 9.Ed. Hosch. Non sua sponte] Confer historiam obsidum id onus detrectantium et ob authorized by custom, I allow, if they mean that they obtain impunity, which often passes for right; but if they mean that they are free from sin, who take away life on a mere convention, I am afraid they are both wrong themselves, and mislead others. If, however, a person who comes as a hostage, is or has been a grave criminal, or grievously violates his faith given, it may be that the punishment may be right. 3 But Clelia, who was sent as a hostage, not by her own consent but by command of the city, and who escaped by swimming the Tiber, was praised by the Etruscan king, as Livy says. XIX. We must add, that all combats by challenge, which are of no use in obtaining rights, or in ending the war, but are merely for the sake of shewing valour or skill, are at variance with Christian duty and with humanity. Rulers ought decisively to forbid such, since they must render an account to him, in whose stead they bear the sword, of blood shed uselessly. So Sallust praises leaders who con dium gestant. Quippe et Sallustio laudati duces, qui incruento exercitu victoriam deportarent. Et de Cattis nota Germ. c. 30. virtutis populo Tacitus: 'rari excursus et fortuitæ pugnæ. 7 Apud SERVIUM, in Æn. XI. Vide Fragmenta SALLUSTII, Lib. VI. cap. 25. pag. 102. Ed. Wass. J. B. 1 Rari excursus et fortuitæ pugnæ] Demetrium reprehendit Plutarchus : φιλονεικίας ἕνεκα μᾶλλον ἢ χρείας μάχεσθαι καὶ κινδυνεύειν τοὺς στρατιώ τας αναγκάζοντος" quod gloriæ magis studio quam ex utilitate milites in pericula truderet, præliisque objiceret. (Pag. 908 c.) quer bloodlessly. So the Catti, a people of known valour, are praised by Tacitus, because, with them, champions stepping out of the ranks, and chance fights, are rare. CAPUT XII. TEMPERAMENTUM CIRCA VASTATIONEM ET SIMILIA. I. Quæ vastatio justa sit et II. Abstinendum a vastatione, victoriæ: IV. Si hostis habeat aliunde quo I. 1 se sustentet: V. Si res ipsa ad bellum foven- VI. Hoc maxime locum habere VII. Item religiosis: VIII. Utilitates, quæ ex tali mo- tatæ. OES alterius ut perdere quis sine injuria possit, horum § 9. talis, quæ in primi dominii institutione excepta debeat intelligi; ut si quis tertii gladium, quo usurus sit furiosus, periculi sui evitandi causa in amnem projiciat, quo ipso tamen casu manere obligationem damni resarciendi ex veriore sententia alibi dixi- Lib. ii. 11. mus: aut debitum aliquod procedens ex inæqualitate, nimirum ut res perdita imputetur in illud debitum quasi percepta, alioqui enim jus non esset: aut meritum aliquod malum, cui pœna talis par sit, aut cujus mensuram pœna non excedat: nam, ut recte notat sani judicii theologus, ut propter pecora Vict. de jure abacta aut domos aliquas incensas totum regnum vastetur, 56. æquitas non fert: quod et Polybius vidit, qui in bello non in Lib. v. II. CHAPTER XII. Restraints as to Wasting, and the like. I. 1 In order that any one may destroy the property of another without wrong, one of these three things is necessary:-either such a necessity as must be supposed to be accepted in the first institution of property: (as if any one, to save himself, threw into the river the sword of another, which a madman was going to use; in which case, however, the better opinion is, that the obligation of restitution remains:)—or some debt remaining unpaid, in which case the thing destroyed is to be reckoned as received, otherwise the right does not exist:—or some ill desert, to which such punishment is suited, and so that the loss does not exceed the desert: for, as a sound theologian rightly notes, it is not equitable that for some cattle driven away, or some houses burnt, a kingdom should be laid waste; as Polybius also said; who would not allow that in war punishment should go on to an indefinite extent, but only so far that the offenses may be equitably belli, n. 52. et infinitum vult vagari pœnam, sed usque eo, ut delicta æquo modo expientur. Et hæ quidem causæ et intra hos duntaxat fines faciunt ut absit injuria. 2 Ceterum, nisi causa utilitatis suadeat, stultum sit, nullo suo bono nocere alteri. Ideo, qui sapiunt, utilitatibus moveri strat. c. 6 solent, quarum præcipua est illa, quam annotavit Onosander: τὴν γῆν τῶν πολεμίων φθειρέτω καὶ καιέτω καὶ τεμνέτω. ζημία γὰρ χρημάτων καὶ καρπῶν ἔνδεια μειοῖ πόλεμον, ὥσπερ ἡ ουσία τρέφει. Hostium terram perdere, urere, populari meminerit. Nam et pecuniarum et frugum penuria bellum minuit, quantum auget copia: a quo non discrepat illud Procli: στρατηγικὸν τὸ τῶν ἀγωνιστῶν περικόπτειν τὴν εὐπορίαν, boni est Imperatoris hostium copias undique accidere. De Dario Curtius: credebat inopia debellari posse nihil habentem nisi quod rapiendo occupasset. In Plat de 89. Lib. iv. 9. n. & ■ Pecuniarum et frugum penuria bellum minuit] Philo de Vita Contemplativa: οἱ πολέμιοι κείρουσιν ἢ δενδροτομοῦσι τὴν τῶν ἀντιπάλων χώραν, ἵνα σπάνει τῶν ἀναγκαίων πιεσθέντες ἐνδώσι· solent hostes vastare et arboribus nudare terram hostilem, ut hostes eo facilius se dedant rerum necessariarum penuria. (Pag. 891 D.) Idem in Diris: διττὰν ἐργαζόμενοι συμφοράν, λιμὸν μὲν φίλοις, ἐχθροῖς δὲ περιουσίαν duplex sibi malum acquirunt, inopiam amicis, copiam hostibus. (Pag. 930 a. init. lib.) b Philo] Alter ejusdem scriptoris locus de humanitate dignus et ipse qui huc transscribatur: ἐπιδαψιλευόμενος τὸ ἐπιεικὲς, πάλιν πλουσίως αὐτῷ καὶ κατακόρως χρῆται, μετιὼν ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν λογικῶν ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλογα, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἀλόγων ἐπὶ τὰ φυτὰ, περὶ ὧν αὐτ τίκα λεκτέον, ἐπειδήγε περὶ τῶν πρός τερον ἀνθρώπων, καὶ τῶν ὅσα ψυχῆς μεμοίραται, λέλεκται. ἀπείρηκε τοίνυν ἄντικρυς μήτε δενδροτομεῖν ὅσα τῆς ἡμέρου ὕλης, μήτε κείρειν ἐπὶ λύμῃ σταχυοφοροῦσαν πρὸ καιροῦ πεδίαδα, μήτε συνόλως καρπὸν διαφθείρειν, ἵνα περιουσίᾳ μὲν τροφῶν ἀφθόνων χορηγῆται τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος, περιουσιάζῃ δὲ μὴ μόνον τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν πρὸς τὸν ἀβροδίαιτον βίον. ἀναγκαίον μὲν γὰρ ὁ τοῦ σίτου καρπὸς εἰς τροφὴν ἀνθρώπων ἀποκριθείς· πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἁβροδίαιτον βίον, αἱ τῶν ἀκροδρύων ἀμύθητοι ποικιλίαι. γίνονται δὲ expiated. And for these causes, and within these limits, to damage another's property is not to do a wrong. 2 But except there be some motive of utility, it is foolish, for no good of your own, to harm another. Therefore wise men are commonly moved by their advantages, of which the principal is, that which Onosander notes: Let the general waste, burn, and ravage the enemy's country; for the want of money and provision breaks down a war as abundance holds it up. And so Proclus, It is the part of a good geneSo Curtius, of Darius. ral to cut off the enemy's resources. Front. Strat. 3 Et illa quidem populatio ferenda est, quæ brevi ad pacem petendam hostem subigit: quo genere belli usus Halyattes Herod. i. 17. in Milesios, Thraces in Byzantios, Romani in Campanos, Ca- Polyb. iv. 45. penates, Hispanos, Ligures, Nervios, Menapios. At, si recte. 4.1. rem expendas, plerumque admittuntur talia odio magis quam 133. prudenti ratione. Ferme cnim evenit, ut aut causæ illæ sua- Bu. Gall. vi. dentes cessent, aut ut aliæ sint validiores, quæ dissuadeant. Liv. v. 12. Casar. de 3. 6. 20. II. 1 Id eveniet primum, si nos ipsi rem frugiferam ita teneamus, ut hostibus non possit esse in fructu. Quo proprie spectat lex divina, quæ in vallum bellique opera vult impendi Deut. xx. 19, arbores feras, frugiferas vero asservari ad victum, addita causa, quod non ut homines, ita et arbores adversum nos in prælium consurgere possint: quod ex rationis similitudine Philo etiam ad agros frugiferos producit, legi hæc verba af- Decr.magist. fingens: quid rebus inanimis quæ et mites sunt et mites ἐν ἐνδείαις πολλάκις ὅτε καὶ τροφαὶ δεύτεραι. καὶ προσυπερβάλλων, οὔτε τῶν πολεμίων χώραν τέμνειν ἐᾷ, παραγγέλλει δὲ ἀπέχειν δενδροτομιών, ἄδικον ὑπολαμβάνων τὴν πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὀργὴν ἀποσκήπτειν εἰς τὰ μηδενὸς αἴτια κακοῦ. ἔπειτα δὲ ἀξιοῖ μὴ μόνον τὸ παρὸν προορᾶσθαι, μηδενὸς ἐν ὁμοίῳ μένοντος, ἀλλὰ πάντων τροπαῖς καὶ μεταβολαῖς χρωμένων, ὡς εἰκὸς εἶναι τοὺς τέως δυσμενεῖς ἐπικηρυκευσαμέ νους καὶ συμβατηρίων ἄρξαντας, ἐνα σπόνδους αὐτίκα γενέσθαι. φίλους δὲ τροφῶν ἀναγκαίων ἀποστερεῖν χαλεπόν, μηδὲν ταμιευσαμένους τῶν ἐπ ̓ ὠφελείᾳ, διὰ τὴν τοῦ μέλλοντος άδηλότητα. πάνυ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο καλῶς εἴρηται τοῖς παλαιοῖς, ὅτι καὶ φιλίας κοινωνη τέον, μὴ ἀπογινώσκοντας ἔχθραν, καὶ Halyattes carried on against the Milesians, the Thracians against the Byzantines, the Romans against the Campanians, Capenates, Spaniards, Ligurians, Nervians, Menapians. But if you weigh the matter well, you will find that such practices are admitted, rather through spite than prudence. For it generally happens, either that these motives cease, or that other motives which act the other way are more powerful. II. 1 That will be the case, in the first place, if we are in possession of the country which yields provisions, so that it cannot avail the enemy for their supply. And to this point properly tends the divine law (Deut. xx. 19, 20), which forbids the cutting down fruit-trees for bulwarks and other warlike uscs, and points out trees which do not p. 734 c. |