ut pars civitatis obligari poterant, non minus quam parentes ipsi; at in nondum natis non videtur hæc causa sufficere, sed alia requiri aut ex parentum consensu expresso, accedente alendi necessitate, idque etiam in perpetuum: aut ex ipsa alimentorum præstatione, idque duntaxat usque dum operæ totum quod impensum est expunxerint. Si quid ultra juris in hos domino datur, id videtur ex lege civili dominis plus æquo largiente procedere. IX. 1 At quas apud gentes jus illud servitutis ex bello in usu non est, optimum erit permutari captivos: proximum dimitti pretio non iniquo. Hoc quale sit præcise definiri non potest: sed humanitas docet non ultra intendi debere quam deducto ne egeat captus rebus necessariis: nam et leges civiles hoc multis indulgent qui suo facto proprio in debitum inciderunt. Alibi hoc pactis aut moribus definitur: ut apud Græcos olim mina, nunc inter milites menstruo stipendio. Narrat Plutarchus olim inter Corinthios et Megarenses bella plurali singularem facere vellet, perspicuitatis caussa; ex lege civili posuit, sed oblitus est Tò largientibus simul, ut par erat, mutare. J. B. Ut apud Græcos olim mina] Bello Gallorum cum Hispanis in Italia eques redemtus quarta parte annui stipendii: non comprehensi qui ordines ducerent eisque superiores: nec qui justo prælio aut oppido per vim capto venirent in potestatem. Mariana XXVII. 18. 8 Nullus dubito, quin Auctor in animo habuerit quod legerat apud ARISTOTELEM, οἷον τὸ μνᾶς λυτροῦσθαι. Ethic. Nicom. Lib. v. cap. 10. Verum hoc ibi tantum refertur ut exemplum Juris, quod Philosophus vocat Legitimum, quodque opponit Naturali: nihil which God granted to the Hebrews over the posterity of the Ca naanites. 2 And those who were already born, might be liable for the debt of the State, as being part of the State, no less than their parents. But this cause does not seem sufficient, in those who are not yet born; some other seems necessary; either the express consent of the parents, added to the necessity of providing sustenance for them, and that, for ever; or the actual supply of sustenance, and that holds only till they have worked off the whole expense of their maintenance. If any right beyond this is given to the master, it seems to proceed from a Civil Law, too liberal to masters. IX. 1 Where this right of servitude arising from war is not established by use, it will be the best course to exchange the prisoners; and next to that, to let them be ransomed at a reasonable rate. What this is, cannot be precisely defined: but humanity teaches us that it should not be stretched so far that it leaves the prisoner without the necessaries of life. For even the Civil Law p. 295 B. Quest. Gr. gesta ἡμέρως καὶ συγγενικῶς, mansuete et ita ut populos consanguineos decebat. Si quis captus esset, eum a captore habitum ut hospitem et fide de pretio accepta dimissum domum: unde natum dopužérov nomen. De Offic. i. 12. Xen. iii. Cyrop. c. 1. $ 20. Lib. v. 10. Lib. vii. 9. n. 18. Vit. Dem. p. 891. [[Strabo, Lib. vii. p. 302.]] 2 Excelsioris animi est illud Pyrrhi a Cicerone laudatum: "Nec mi aurum posco, nec mi pretium dederitis: Quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit Eorundem libertati me parcere certum est. Non dubium quin cred lerit Pyrrhus justum a se bellum geri: tamen parcendum existimabat eorum libertati, quos probabiles causæ in bellum tulissent. Simile Cyri factum celebrat Xenophon: Philippi Macedonis post victoriam in Charonea Polybius: Alexandri in Scythas Curtius: Ptolemæi regis et Demetrii, inter se non bello magis quam in captivos benignitate certantium, Plutarchus. Lysimachum vero Getarum rex Dromichates bello captum hospitem suum fecit, paupertatisque simul Geticæ ac comitatis testem factum perpulit ut talibus amicis, quam hostibus uti mallet. dicit, nec Aristoteles, nec Andronicus Tpa. Pag. 222 ▲. J. B. Nec mi aurum posco] Similem Tiberii Christiani Imperatoris in Persas bonitatem laudat Menander Protector, (Legat. pag. 141. 1. Ed. Hoeschel.) Sisebuti Mariana, item Sanctii Castellæ regis, libro XI. (cap. 5. Illud autem de Sisebuto legitur Lib. vi. cap.3.) 2 Getarum rex Dromichates] Meminit et Diodorus Siculus in Excerptis Peirescianis. (Pag. 257,258.) grants this indulgence to many who have come into debt by their own act. In other cases, this is determined by law or custom; as anciently, among the Greeks, the ransom was set at a mina, and among so'liers, at a month's pay. Plutarch says that the Corinthians and Megareans carried on war humanely. Captives were reckoned as the guests of their captors, and dismissed on their promise. 2 More lofty in spirit is what Cicero quotes of Pyrrhus (Off. 1. 12); so Cyrus; Philip, after Charonea; Alexander, towards the Scythians; Ptolemy and Demetrius contending in generosity to prisoners, as in arms. Dromichates, king of the Getæ, made Lysimachus his prisoner, his guest, and a witness of the poverty and equity of the Getæ, and thus gained him as his friend. Qu belli, n. 38 manitas, tanto magis in populos aut in populorum Vict. de jure partes, quanto in multos insignior est et injuria et beneficentia. et 59. Justo bello ut alia acquiri possunt, ita et jus imperantis in populum, et jus quod in imperio habet ipse populus: sed nempe quatenus fert aut pœnæ nascentis ex delicto, aut alterius debiti modus. Quibus addenda est causa vitandi periculi summi. Sed hæc causa plerumque cum aliis miscetur, quæ tamen ipsa tum in pace constituenda, tum in utendo victoria maxime spectanda est. Nam cetera est ut remittantur ex misericordia: in publico autem periculo, quæ modum excedit securitas, immisericordia est. Isocrates ad Philippum: Twv Bapßápwv Epist. ii. CHAPTER XV. Restraints respecting Conquest. I. Equity, which is required, and humanity, which is praised, towards individuals, are the more requisite and praiseworthy, towards nations and parts of nations, inasmuch as the injury or kindness is greater with the number. Now as other things may be acquired in a just war, so may imperial authority over a people, and the right which the people itself has in the government: but only so far as is limited, either by the nature of a penalty arising from delict, or by the nature of some other debt. To which is to be added, the reason of averting extreme danger. This last cause is commonly mixed up with others; but is, in reality, to be much regarded for its own sake, both in establishing peace and in using victory. For other things may be remitted out of compassion; but in a public danger, a disre p. 409 A. Cal. Bell. c. 12. fragm. vi. 40. P. 118. ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐξαρκέσει κρατεῖν, ὅσον ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ καταστῆσαι τὴν σαυτοῦ χώραν barbari hactenus edomandi sunt, quantum satis erit ut tuam regionem in tuto colloces. II. 1 Crispus Sallustius de Romanis veteribus: majores nostri religiosissimi mortales nihil victis eripiebant, præter injuriæ licentiam. Digna quæ a Christiano diceretur sentenDe Rep. ord. tia: quicum illud ejusdem convenit: sapientes pacis causa Aristoteles bellum gerunt, et laborem spe otii sustentant. De Rep. 1. non semel dixerat, πόλεμον εἶναι εἰρήνης χάριν, ἀσχολίαν δὲ xoλns, bellum pacis et negotium otii causa institutum. Nec aliud vult Cicero cujus hoc est sanctissimum effatum: bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud nisi pax quæsita videatur. Ejusdem et hoc simile: sic suscipienda bella sunt ob eam causam, ut sine injuria in pace vivatur. c. 14 et 15. et Ethic. Nic. c. 7. De Offic. i. 23. Ibid. c. 11. q. 40. art. 1. ad. 3. Wil. Mat. de bell. sec. 2 Nihil hæc distant ab his quæ nos docent veræ religionis Thom. a. 2 theologi, finem belli esse amovere ea quæ pacem perturbant. Ante Nini tempora, ut ex Trogo alibi dicere cœpimus, fines imperii tueri magis quam proferre mos erat: intra suam cuique patriam regna finiebantur: reges non imperium sibi, sed populis suis gloriam quærebant, contentique victoria imperio requis. q. 7. Just. i. I. ■ Tueri magis quam proferre] Alexander Imperator Artaxerxi Persæ : deiv μένειν τε αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις ὅροις καὶ μὴ καινοτομεῖν, μηδὲ ματαίαις ἐλπίσιν αἰωρούμενον μέγαν ἐγείρειν πόλεμον ἀγαπητῶς δὲ ἔχειν ἕκαστον τὰ ἑαυτοῦ· manendum cuique intra suos fines nihil novando, neque debere quemquam incerta spe sublatum bella incipere, sed suo esse contentum. [Habet hoc Auctor noster gard of the danger which goes beyond the just limit, is want of compassion. Isocrates tells Philip that he must master the barbarians, so as to place his own territory in security. II. 1 Sallust says of the old Romans: Our ancestors, the most religious of men, took from the vanquished nothing but the licence of wrong-doing; words worthy of having been said by a Christian: and with them agrees what is also said by the same writer: Wise men bear labour in the hope of rest, and make war for the sake of peace. So Aristotle also says: and so Cicero, in several places. 2 To the same effect is the teaching of Christian theologians, that the end of war is to remove the hinderances to peace. Before the time of Ninus, as we before said, following Trogos, it was rather the habit to defend than to extend the boundaries of empires: every one's rule ended with his own country; kings did not seek empire for themselves, but glory for their peoples, and content with victory, abstained from empire. And to this point, Augustine brings us back, when he says: Let them consider that it is not the part of good men to iv. 15. abstinebant: quo nos retrahit quantum potest Augustinus, cum ait: videant tamen ne forte non pertineat ad viros bonos De Civ. Dei, bgaudere de imperii latitudine: qui et hoc addit: felicitas major est vicinum bonum habere concordem, quam vicinum malum subjugare bellantem. Adde quod in ipsis Ammonitis propheta Amosus severe reprehendit hoc studium proferendo- Cap. L. 13. rum per arma finium. c. 34. III. Ad hoc antiquæ innocentiæ exemplar proxime accessit veterum Romanorum prudens modestia: Quid hodie esset imperium, ait Seneca, nisi salubris providentia victos L. 11. de Ira, permiscuisset victoribus? Conditor noster Romulus, ait apud Tacitum Claudius, tantum sapientia valuit, ut plerosque po- Ann. xi. 24. pulos eodem die hostes, deinde cives habuerit: addit exitio Lacedæmoniis et Atheniensibus nihil aliud fuisse quam quod victos pro alienigenis arcebant. Livius rem Romanam auctam Lib. vii. 13. dicit hostibus in civitatem recipiendis. Exempla exstant in historiis Sabinorum, Albanorum, Latinorum, deinde aliorum ex Italia: donec postremo Cæsar Gallos in triumphum Suet in Cas. duxit, idem in curiam. Cerialis in oratione ad Gallos quæ apud Tacitum: ipsi plerumque legionibus nostris præsidetis: Hist. iv. 74 ex HERODIANO, Lib. vi. cap. ii. num. 9. Ed. Bæcleri: ubi, ut et in aliis Editionibus, legitur: ἐν τοῖς τῶν ἰδίων ὅροις neque necesse est emendare: ἐν τοῖς lòíois, ut facit Auctor noster, sive ex incogitantia, sive data opera. J.B.] b Gaudere de imperii latitudine] Vide Cyrillum libro v. contra Julianum, reges Hebræos hoc nomine laudantem, quod suis contenti essent finibus. (Pag. 177 E. Ed. Spanh.) rejoice in the extent of empire; and again: It is a greater felicity to have a good neighbour at peace, than to conquer a bad neighbour in The prophet Amos severely rebukes the Ammonites who had committed atrocities that they might enlarge their border. Amos i. 13. war. III. To this pattern of ancient innocence, the nearest approach was made in the prudent moderation of the old Romans. What would our empire be at this day, says Seneca, except a wholesome prudence had mixed the conquered with the conquerors? And, Our founder Romulus, Claudius says in Tacitus, carried his wisdom so far, that most of the peoples with whom he had to do were, on the same day, first his enemies, and then his citizens. He adds, that nothing was moro destructive to the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, than that they treated as strangers those they conquered. So Livy says that the Roman power was increased, by taking enemies into the composition of the state. There are, in history, the examples of the Sabines, Albans, Latins, and others in Italy: until at last Cesar triumphed over c. 80. |