stirpis augendæ causa, gentisque vetustissimæ per orbem terrarum propaganda. V. Solet et de temporis spatio quæri, quo reddendæ rei obligatio interna possit exstingui.. Sed hæc quæstio inter ejusdem imperii cives definienda est ex legibus ipsorum; (si modo illæ internum jus concedunt, non in externo solo consistunt: quod ex verbis et proposito legum prudenti inspectione colligendum est :) inter eos vero qui alii aliis externi sunt, ex sola conjectura derelictionis, de qua diximus alibi, quantum Lib. ii. 4 instituto nostro sufficit. VI. Quod si valde ambiguum sit jus belli, optimum erit 'Arati Sicyonii consilium sequi, qui partim novis possessoribus Cic. of. ii. 23. persuasit ut pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus cederent; partim veteribus dominis, ut commodius putarent numerari sibi quod tanti esset quam suum recuperare. captis in bello Avidii Cassii, heic refert. Circa priores, aliquid reperies apud LiVIUM, Lib. XXVIII. c. 39. in Oratione Legatorum Saguntinorum: de aliis autem in Vita M. Aurel. Antonini, a JuLIO CAPITOLINO scripta, cap. 25, quan quam non ita diserte res ibi narretur, ac Arati Sicyonii consilium sequi] an internal [that is, an equitable] as well as an external [or strictly legal] right; which is to be collected from the words and design of the laws, by a careful consideration of them: but between those who are foreigners to each other, it is to be determined by a probable judgment as to dereliction: on which subject we have elsewhere said as much as is necessary for our purpose. VI. If the right of war be very ambiguous, it will be best to follow the counsel of Aratus of Sicyon; who in part persuaded the new possessors to accept money and give up the possessions; and partly induced the old owners to be paid for what they gave up, as more convenient than to attempt to recover it. I. CAPUT XVII. DE HIS, QUI IN BELLO MEDII SUNT. I. A pacatis nihil sumendum nisi ex summa necessitate, SUP II. Exempla abstinentiæ et præ cepta. III. Quod sit officium pacatorum circa bellantes. UPERVACUUM videri posset agere nos de his, qui extra bellum sunt positi, quando in hos satis constet nullum esse jus bel..cum. Sed quia occasione belli multa in L. ii. ll. § 10. eos, finitimos præsertim, patrari solent prætexta necessitate, repetendum hic breviter quod diximus alibi, necessitatem, ut jus aliquod det in rem alienam, summam esse debere; requiri præterea ut ipso domino par necessitas non subsit: etiam ubi de necessitate constat, non ultra sumendum quam exigit: id est, si custodia sufficiat, non sumendum usum : si usus, non sumendum abusum: si abusu sit opus, restituendum tamen rei pretium. II. 1 Moses cum summa ipsum et populum necessitas Num. xx. 17, urgeret transeundi per agros Idumæorum, primum ait transiturum se via regia, neque deflexurum in arva aut vineta: si vel aqua ipsorum opus haberet, persoluturum se ejus pretium. et seqq. • Sine strepitu peragrantes Peloponnesum] Par testimonium Tito Quintio Flaminio perhibet Plutarchus. (p. 371.) b De Pompeio Magno Tullius] Et Plutarchus: ἀκούων τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐν ταῖς ὁδοιπορίαις ἀτακτεῖν, σφραγί CHAPTER XVII. Of Neutrals in War. I. It may appear superfluous for us to treat of those who are extraneous to the war, since it is evident that there are no rights of war against them. But since many liberties are often taken with them, especially when they are neighbours, on the pretext of necessity, we may here briefly repeat what we have already said :—that Necessity, in order to give a person a right to another's property, must be of the extremest kind ;—that it is further requisite, that there be not a similar necessity on the part of the owner;-that even when the necessity is plain, more is not to be taken than it requires ; that is, if keeping the thing is sufficient, it is not to be used; if using it is sufficient, it is not to be destroyed; if destroying it is requisite, the price is to be repaid. II. 1 When Moses was under an extreme necessity of passing Cyr. it. 3. Idem præstiterunt laudati et Græcorum et Romanorum duces. Apud Xenophontem Græci qui cum Clearcho, Persis pollicen- De Exped. tur, nullo se damno iter facturos: et si venales commeatus § 12, 13. præberent, neque esculenta se, neque poculenta cuiquam erepturos. iii. 1. § 8. p. 801 D. 2 Dercyllides, narrante eodem Xenophonte, rapnyaye Hist. Græc. τὸ στράτευμα διὰ τῆς φιλίας χώρας, μηδὲν βλάψας τοὺς σvμμáxovs, copias duxit per fines pacatos, ita ut nullo detrimento socii afficerentur. Livius de Perseo rege: per Lib. xli. 27. Phthiotidem, Achaiam, Thessaliamque, sine damno injuriaque agrorum per quos iter fecit, in regnum rediit. De Agidis Spartani exercitu Plutarchus: θέαμα ταῖς πόλεσιν ἦσαν, άβ. η Ασία. λαβῶς καὶ πρᾴως καὶ μονονοῦ καὶ ἀψοφητὶ διαπορευόμενοι τὴν Πελοπόννησον spectaculum erant civitatibus clementer ac sine noxa et pene sine strepitu peragrantes Peloponnesum. De Sulla Velleius: putares venisse in Italiam, non belli Lib. ii. 25. vindicem, sed pacis auctorem: tanta cum quiete exercitum per Calabriam Apuliamque cum singulari cura frugum, agrorum, urbium, hominum, perduxit in Campaniam. Pompeio Magno Tullius: cujus legiones sic in Asiam perve- Prolege 13. nerunt, ut non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed nec vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur. De Domitiano ita De c. 11. n. 7. Fr ntinus: cum in finibus Ubiorum castella poneret, pro Lib. ii. strat. fructibus eorum locorum, quæ vallo comprehendebat, pretium δα ταῖς μαχαίραις αὐτῶν ἐπέβαλεν ἣν ὁ μὴ φυλάξας, ἐκολάζετο cum audisset milites suos per itinera licentiosius agere, sigillum gladiis eorum apposuit: with the people through the land of the Edomites, (Num. xx. 17,) he says, first, that he will go by the king's highway, and will not turn aside into the fields or vineyards; and that even if he have to drink of the water of the wells, he will pay the price of it. The same was done by Greek and Roman generals, who are mentioned with praise. So the Greeks, in Xenophon, who were with Clearchus, promise the Persians that they will pass without doing any mischief: and that if they supply them with food to purchase, they will not take by force meat or drink. 2 So Dercyllides acted, according to Xenophon: Perseus in Phthiotis, &c.; Agis in Peloponnesus; Sulla in Calabria and Apulia; Pompeius in Asia; Domitian in the country of the Ubii; Severus in his Parthian expedition; the Goths, Huns, and Alans of Theodosius's army, of which latter the Panegyrist says; There was no tumult, no 19 [GROT. III.] Cap. 50. solvi jussit, atque ea justitiæ fama omnium fidem sibi adstrinxit. De Parthica Alexandri Severi expeditione Lampridius: tanta disciplina, tanta reverentia sui egit, ut non milites, sed senatores transire dicerentur: quacumque iter milites faciebant, tribuni accincti, centuriones verecundi, milites amabiles erant: ipsum vero ob hæc tot et tanta bona provinciales ut Deum suscipiebant. De Gotthis, Hunnis, Latin Pacat Alanis qui Theodosio merebant Panegyrista: nullus tumultus, ret. xii. nulla confusio, nulla direptio ut a barbaris erat; quin si quando difficilior frumentaria res fuisset, inopiam patienter ferebat, et quam numero arctaret annonam comparcendo laxabat. Stiliconi Claudianus idem tribuit: c. 32. Paneg. In 1 Cons. v. 162, et seqq. Tanta quies, jurisque metus servator honesti dEt Belisario Suidas. e De Gotthis] Multa de hujus gentis modestia habemus apud Cassiodorum, ut v. 10, 11, 13. Eodem autem libro epistola 26. Nec possessorum segetes aut prata vastelis, sed sub omni continentia properate: ut grata nobis esse vestra occursio possit. Quia ideo exercituales gratis subimus impensas, ut ab armatis custodiatur intacta civili. tas. Lib. IX. 25. Arma ejus nulla possessorum damna senserunt. d Et Belisario Suidas] Sæpe hanc in Belisario virtutem prædicat comes ejus testisque actionum Procopius. Vide egregiam ejus orationem huc pertinentem, quam ad milites habuit prope Siciliam, cum in Africam tenderet, narrationemque itineris per Africam Vandalicorum primo. (Cap. 12. et 17.) Ex Gotthicorum autem 111. integrum hunc locum apponam: εἰς δὲ τοὺς ἀγροίκους ἔτι τοσαύτῃ φειδοῖ καὶ προνοίᾳ ἐχρῆτο, ὥστε βιασθῆναι μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδένα πώ ποτε, στρατηγοῦντος Βελισαρίου, τετύχηκε· πλουτεῖν δὲ παρὰ δόξαν ξυνέβαινε πᾶσιν, οἷς ἂν αὐτὸς ἐπιδημοίη στρατιᾶς πλήθει. ἀπεδίδοντο γὰρ αὐτ τοῖς κατὰ γνώμην τα ὤνια πάντα. καὶ ἡνίκα μὲν ἀκμάζοι τὰ λήϊα ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς διεφύλαττε, μήτινα παροῦσα ἡ ἵππος λυμήνηται· τῶν δὲ ὡραίων ἐν τοῖς δένδροις ὄντων ἅψασθαι αὐτῶν οὐδενὶ τὸ παράπαν ἐξουσία ἐγίνετο adversus agricolas tanta cura providentiaque agebat, ut eorum nemo vim pateretur, exercitum ducente Belisario: contra vero opulenti fierent omnes quocunque ille cum multo milite advenisset: vendebant enim illi militibus res suas suopte arbitratu: et cum maturæ essent confusion, no plunder, as you might expect from barbarians. If the supply of provisions was at any time more difficult, they bore the deficiency with patience, and made up for the scarcity by spare diet. Claudian ascribes the same merit to Stilico, and Suidas to Belisarius. 3 This was brought about by an exact care in the supply of necessaries, punctual pay, and vigorous discipline, of which you find the rule in Ammianus: The lands of neutrals are not to be trampled: and in Vopiscus: Let no one take a fowl which is not his, or touch a sheep ; p. 205. 3 Hoc præstabat exacta cura provisus rerum necessariarum, et bene soluta stipendia, et vigor disciplinæ, cujus legem audis apud Ammianum: pacatorum terras non debere cal- Lib. xviii. cari. Et apud Vopiscum: memo pullum alienum rapiat : ▲urel. c. 7. ovem nemo contingat, uvam nullus auferat, segetem nemo deterat, oleum, sal, lignum nemo exigat. Item apud Cassio- Var. vii. 4 dorum: vivant cum provincialibus jure civili: nec insolescat animus qui se sentit armatum: quia clypeus ille exercitus nostri quietem debet præstare paganis. His accedat illud Xenophontis Expeditionis libro vi. μὴ ἀναγκάζειν πόλιν φι- Cap. 2. 34 λίαν ὅ, τι μὴ αὐτοὶ ἐθέλοντες διδοῖεν civitatem amicam cogendam non esse, ut quicquam daret invita. 4 Ex quibus dictis optime interpreteris illud magni pro- Luc. lii. 14. phetæ, imo propheta majoris monitum: undeva diaσeionte, μηδὲ συκοφαντήσητε, καὶ ἀρκεῖσθε τοῖς ὀψωνίοις ὑμῶν α concussione, a calumnia in quosvis abstinete, "contenti segetes sollicite cavebat ne ab equite corrumperentur: tum vero poma in arboribus pendentia tangere nemini omnino permittebatur. (Cap. 1.) Similem Alemannorum laudem in expeditione ad sanctum sepulcrum vide apud Nicetam Manuele Comneno. (Lib. 1. c. 4.) Gregoras autem bro Ix. idem in Venetis prædicat: ἦσαν γε μὲν οὐδένες, οὓς οὐ μάλα ἐξέπληξεν ἡ τῶν Βενετικῶν εὐταξία, καὶ ἡ μετὰ δικαιοσύνης μεγαλοπρέπεια, οὐδὲ γὰρ ἠξίωσε τῶν πάντων ἐκείνων οὐδεὶς ἐξελθὼν ἀφελέσθαι τι τῶν ἁπάν των ἄνευ τιμῆς ἀργυρίου· nemo erat quem non admiratione percelleret Venetorum disciplina, et conjuncta cum justitia animi magnitudo. Nemo enim de exercitu egressus quicquam rerum sumere volebat nisi pecunia depensa. (Pag. 188. Ed. Genev. 1616.) e Provisus rerum necessariarum] Pli- Apud Ammianum] Quem vide et A calumnia] Possis vertere a ra- b Contenti estote stipendiis vestris] Ambrosius ad hunc Lucæ locum: id or pluck a bunch of grapes; or cut the corn, or demand oil, salt or wood. So the same writer in Cassiodorus: Let the soldier live with the provincials according to the civil law, and shew no military insolence. The shield is for the protection of the countrymen. So Xenophon, in the Anabasis. 4 And hence we see the meaning of that which was said to soldiers by a prophet, and one that was greater than a prophet (Luke iii. 14): Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely, and be content with |