Lib. iv. 3. n. 13. Lib. xxviii. 24. estote stipendiis vestris. Cui simile illud Aureliani apud Vopiscum dicto loco: annona sua contentus sit, de præda hostis non de lachrymis provincialium vivat. Nec est quod quis putet dici hæc pulchre, sed præstari non posse: neque enim aut moneret hæc vir divinus, aut sapientes legum auctores præciperent, si crederent impleri non posse. Denique inecesse est concedamus fieri posse, quod factum videmus. Ideo attulimus exempla, quibus accedat illud insigne, quod ex Scauro memorat Frontinus, pomiferam arborem quam in pede castrorum fuerat complexa metatio, postero die abeunte exercitu intactis fru tibus relictam. k 5 Livius, cum narrasset milites Romanos in castris ad Sucronem procacius egisse, et quosdam eorum noctu prædatum in agrum circa pacatum iisse, adjicit, omnia libidine ac licentia militum, nihil instituto ac disciplina militari gestum. Est et ib. xl. 22. alter insignis ejus scriptoris locus, ubi iter Philippi per Denthelatarum agros narratur: socii erant, sed propter inopiam haud secus quam hostium fines Macedones populati sunt: circo stipendia constituta militiæ: ne in Ed. Benedictin.] Sunt egregiæ ad hanc rem constitutiones apud Gregorium Turonensem libro II. cap. 37. in capitulis Caroli et successorum, Lib. v. tit. clxxxix. in concilio Galliæ tomo II. in capitulari II. Ludovici Pii capite xiv. et tomo III. in concilio ad S. Macram. your wages. 5 When Livy speaks of the Romans, in the camp at the Sucro, behaving irregularly [in the absence of S. Scipio], and some of them going on plundering expeditions into the neighbouring neutral ground, he adds, that everything was given up to a licentious and greedy soldiery, nothing done according to military rule and discipline. And again, in the same writer, where the passage of Philip through the land of the Denthelate is described, it is said that The army, being rapiendo enim passim, villas primum, deinde quosdam etiam vicos evastarunt, non sine magno pudore regis, cum sociorum voces nequicquam Deos sociales nomenque suum implorantes audiret. Apud Tacitum Peligni turpis fama, Ann. xii. 49. dum socios magis quam hostes prædatur. Idem Vitellianos Hist. iii. 2. notat per omnia Italiæ municipia desides et tantum hospitibus metuendos. In Verrina quoque Ciceronis de prætura urbana In Verr. i. 21. hæc est accusatio: oppida pacata sociorum, atque amicorum, diripienda ac vexanda curasti. 7. n. 95. 6 Atque hic omittere non possum theologorum sententiam, Egid. Reg. quam verissimam puto, regem qui quæ debet stipendia militi- disp. 31. dub. bus non solvit, non tantum militibus teneri de damnis inde secutis, sed et subditis suis et vicinis quos inedia coacti milites male habuerunt. III. 1 Vicissim eorum qui a bello abstinent officium est nihil facere, quo validior fiat is qui improbam fovet causam, aut quo justum bellum gerentis motus impediantur, secundum ea quæ dicta a nobis supra sunt: in re vero dubia æquos se Lib. iii. 1. Adde legem Baioariorum tit. ii. 5. Fri- i Necesse est concedamus fieri posse, quod factum videmus] Sic et Guicciar dinus disserit libro XVI. * Ex Scauro memorat Frontinus] De Nigri severitate ob raptum gallum gallinaceum vide Spartianum. (cap. 10.) 1 Equos se præbere utrisque in permittendo transitu, in commeatu præbendo] Exemplum nobile vide apud Parutam libro VIII. in great want, treated the country as if it had been an enemy's, plundering towns and villages; much to the king's mortification, who heard his allies imploring him and the gods for help in vain. In Tacitus, the fame of Pelignus is tarnished by his preying upon friends rather than foes. The same writer speaks of the Vitellians, as, in all he towns of Italy, idle, and formidable to their friends only. So in Cicero against Verres, You authorized the insulting and plundering of friendly towns. 6 And here I cannot omit the opinion of theologians, which I think perfectly true; that a king who does not pay his soldiers their wages, is not only bound to satisfy the soldiers for the damage so done them, but also to make compensation to his subjects and neighbours, whom the soldiers, under the impulse of want, have treated ill. III. On the other hand, it is the duty of neutrals to do nothing which may strengthen the side which has the worse cause, or which may impede the motions of him who is carrying on a just war, as-wo have said above; and in a doubtful case, to act alike to both sides, in per Lib. i. 35. præbere utrisque in permittendo transitu, in commeatu præbendo legionibus, in obsessis non sublevandis. Corcyrenses apud Thucydidem Atheniensium officii esse aiunt, si extra partes esse velint, aut Corinthios prohibere ne ex agro Attico militem conducant, aut idem sibi permittere. Philippo Macedonum regi objectum a Romanis dupliciter ab eo fedus violatum, et quod sociis populi Romani injurias fecerit, et quod hostes auxiliis et pecunia juverit. Eadem urget T. Quintius Liv. xxxiv. in colloquio cum Nabide, vos tamen, inquis, vestramque amicitiam ac societatem proprie non violavi. Quoties vis te arguam id fecisse? sed nolo pluribus? summam rem complectar: quibus igitur rebus amicitia violatur? nempe his maxime duabus, si socios meos pro hostibus habeas, si hostibus te conjungas. 32. Lib. iv. 1. Gotth. i. 3. Phil. iii. p. 46 B. 2 Apud Agathiam legimus hostem esse, qui faciat quod hosti placet; et in Procopio, in exercitu hostium eum censeri qui quæ proprie ad bellum usui sunt hostili exercitui subministrat. Demosthenes olim dixerat: o yàp ois âv éyw ληφθείην ταῦτα πράττων καὶ κατασκευαζόμενος, οὗτος ἐμοὶ In exercitu hostium eum censeri] Et contra, socium et amicum recte ait dici non eum modo qui juxta stat in procinctu, sed et qui omnia quibus opus habet bellum aperte suppeditat: in epistola Amalasunthæ ad Justinianum. (Gotth. Lib. 1. c. 3.) mitting transit, in supplying provisions, in not helping persons besieged. The Corcyreans say, that it is the duty of the Athenians, if they will be neutral, either to prevent the Corinthians from raising soldiers in Attica, or to allow them to do so. To Philip king of the Macedonians it was objected, that the league was doubly violated by him: inasmuch as he had done injury to the allies of the Romans, and helped their enemies. The same is urged by T. Quinctius, in his conference with Nabis. 2 In Agathias, we read, that he is an enemy, who does what the enemy wishes: and in Procopius, that he is reckoned to be in the army of the enemy, who helps the enemy's army in matters which are properly of military use. So Demosthenes had said before. M. Acilius, in speaking to the Epirotes, who were accused of sending money to Antiochus, says that he does not know whether he is to regard them as enemies or neutrals. L. Emilius, Pretor, condemns the Teians, because they had supplied the enemy's fleet with provisions, and had promised it wine; adding, that except they did the same to the Roman fleet, he should hold them as enemies. So Augustus said that A city lost the rights of peace when it received an enemy. 35. πολεμεῖ, καν μήπω βάλλῃ μηδὲ τοξεύῃ qui ea facit et machinatur quibus ego capi possim, etiamsi nec feriat, nec jaculum emittat, hostis mihi est. M. Acilius Epirotis, qui Liv. xxxvi. milite Antiochum non juverant, sed pecuniam ei misisse insimulabantur, negavit scire se hostium an pacatorum numero eos habere deberet. L. Æmilius Prætor Teios arguit, quod idem, xxxvii. commeatu classem hostium juvissent, vinum promisissent: addens, ni eadem Romanæ classi darent, se pro hostibus eos habiturum. Memoratur et Cæsaris Augusti dictum: KOTOV- Plut. Brut. δον πόλιν εἶναι, πολέμιον ἔχουσαν παρ' αὐτῇ· pacis jus p. iur. P. 1011 amittere civitatem, quæ hostem recipiat. 28. in fin. 3 Proderit etiam cum utraque parte bellum gerente fedus miscere, ita ut cum utriusque bona voluntate a bello abstinere, et communia humanitatis officia utrisque exhibere liceat. Apud Livium est: pacem utrique parti, quod medios decet amicos, Lib. xxxv. 48. optent: bello se non interponant. Archidamus Spartæ rex Eleis, cum viderentur in Arcadum partes inclinare, epistolam Plut. Apoph. scripsit hoc tantum continentem: kaλòv novxía bonum est quiescere. 3 It may be of use for a neutral party to make a convention with . each of the belligerents; so that it may be allowed with the good will of both, to abstain from war, and to exercise towards both the common duties of humanity. So in Livy. So Archidamus king of Sparta, when he saw that the Eleans inclined to the Arcadians, wrote to them, It is well to be quiet. p. 219 A. CAPUT XVIII. DE HIS, QUÆ IN BELLO PUBLICO PRIVATIM FIUNT. I. An privatim hosti nocere li- II. His, qui suo sumtu militant, I. 1 Qu III. Quid respectu suæ civitatis. regula ab ipsis exigat. V. Quomodo bellum privatum UÆ diximus hactenus pleraque ad eos pertinent, qui aut summum in bello arbitrium habent, aut publica imperia exequuntur. Videndum etiam quid privatim in bello liceat, qua naturæ, qua divino, qua gentium jure. Narrat officiorum primo Cicero Pompilii imperatoris exercitu militasse Catonis Censorii filium, sed mox dimissam legionem in qua is militabat: cum nihilominus adolescens amore pugnandi in exercitu remansisset, Catonem scripsisse ad Pompilium, ut si eum vellet remanere in exercitu, secundo eum sacramento militiæ obligaret, addita causa, quia priore amisso, jure cum hostibus pugnare non poterat. Addit et ipsa Catonis ad filium verba ex epistola, quibus eum monet ut caveat ne prælium CHAPTER XVIII. Of acts done by Private Persons in a Public War. I. 1 What we have hitherto said, pertains, for the most part, to those who either have the supreme authority in war, or hold public offices. We must now consider what is lawful for private persons, according respectively to Natural Law, Divine Law, and the Law of Nations. Cicero relates that Cato's son served in the army of Pompilius till his legion was dismissed: that he then remained with the army as a volunteer: and that Cato wrote to Pompilius, that if he wanted to keep him in the army, he must make him take the military oath again; because the former oath being cancelled, he could not lawfully fight with the enemy. He adds also the very words of Cato's letter to his son, warning him not to take part in the fighting. So we read that Chrysas, a soldier of Cyrus, was praised, because, when he had raised his sword to cut down an enemy, he lowered it on hearing the signal for a retreat. So Sencca. |