toris veteri contractui, non derelictioni imputatur, nisi certæ conjecturæ aliam interpretationem exprimant: ut si quis luere cum vellet, impeditus id silentio transmisisset tanto tempore, quod ad consensus conjecturam sufficere possit. is to be ascribed to the old contract, not to derelict; except wellfounded conjectures point to another interpretation: as if when any one wished to resume the pledge, and was prevented, he had passed it over for so long a time as to give room for a presumption of con sent. CAPUT XXI. DE FIDE MANENTE BELLO, UBI DE INDUCIIS, COM MEATU, CAPTIVORUM REDEMTIONE. IX. X. XI. XII. An redire possit, qui vi Quid si pœna addita fue- XIII. Privatorum facta quando XIV. In jure commeandi extra inducias qualis sumenda XV. Qui militum nomine ve I. 1 XXVIII. Quæ bona capti capto- XXIX. An heres pretium debeat, et inter bellum a summis potestatibus concedi quædam, ut cum Virgilio et Tacito loquar, belli n. 532. commercia, Homero ovvnuoouvai, qualia sunt induciæ, com- et Hist. ii. 81. SOLENT et inter bellum a summis CHAPTER XXI. · Of Faith while war continues; of Truce; of Safe Ann. xiv. 33. Iliad. xxii. Passage; of Ransom. I. 1 Even during war, the supreme authorities are wont to grant Cap. 1. 1. 3. meatus, captivorum redemtio. Induciæ sunt conventio, per quam, bello manente, ad tempus bellicis actibus abstinendum est. Bello, inquam, manente: nam, ut Cicero ait Philippica octava, inter bellum et pacem nihil est medium: et bellum status est nomen, qui potest esse etiam cum operationes suas non exserit: δοκεῖ ἐνδέχεσθαι καὶ καθεύδειν ἔχοντα τὴν Ειλίς. Nic. ἀρετὴν ἢ ἀπρακτεῖν διὰ βίου, ait Aristoteles: fieri potest ut virtute quis sit præditus et aut dormiat aut vitam agat Lib. viii 6. actione vacuam. Idem alibi: οἱ τόποι οὐ διαλύουσι τὴν φιλίαν ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν non ipsam amicitiam dissolvunt locorum intervalla, sed usum ejus. Andronicus Parana L14 Rhodius: τὴν ἕξιν ἐνδέχεται ὑπάρχουσαν μηδὲν ἀποτελεῖν· habitus esse potest, ita ut nihil operetur. Eustratius ad sextum Nicomacheorum: ἡ ἕξις πρὸς τὴν ἁπλῶς δύναμιν ἐντελέχεια λέγεται· πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἐνέργειαν καὶ προαίρεσιν δύναμις, ὡς ἐν τῷ κοιμωμένῳ γεωμέτρη γεωμετρία habitus, potentiæ simpliciter dictæ ratione habita, actus dicitur: at ipsi actioni sive exercitio comparatus vocatur potentia, ut ars mensoria in dormiente mensore. p. 47. Cap. 1. Hor. i. Sat. 3. v. 129, et seqq. "Ut quamvis tacet Hermogenes, cantor tamen atque ■ Ut quamvis tacet Hermogenes] Seneca de Beneficiis iv. c. 21. Est disertus, etiam qui tacet. Abjecto instrumento artis, clausaque taberna Sutor eral] certain kinds of intercourse among the hostile parties; as Truce, Safe Passage, Ransom. Truce is a convention, by which, the war remaining, the parties are for a time to abstain from warlike acts. I say, the war remaining; for as Cicero says, between war and peace, there is no medium; and war is the name of a state or condition which may exist, even when it does not exhibit its operations: according to Aristotle's distinction, of virtues or qualities which may continue to exist, even while they are not exerted. And so his commentators, as Andronicus, speak of a habit which exists without the act; and Eustratius, who exemplifies it by a geometer in whom geometry resides, though he be asleep. And so Horace. 2 And thus, as Gellius says: A truce is not peace; for the war remains, though the fighting ceases. And in another: A truce is a suspension of war. Which I mention to shew that if any convention be made which is to be valid in time of war, it is valid also during a truce, except it plainly appear that, in the convention, it is not war which is looked to, but the operations of war. And on the other hand, j. 25. 2 Sic ergo, ut et Gellius dixit, non pax est induciæ: Noct. Allic. bellum enim manet, pugna cessat. Et in panegyrico Latini cap. 9. Pacati legimus: induciæ bella suspendebant. Quod eo dico ut sciamus, si quid convenit, ut belli tempore valeat, id per inducias quoque valere, nisi manifeste appareat, non statum spectari sed ipsas functiones. Contra, si quid de pace dictum erit, id induciarum tempore locum non habebit; quanquam Virgilius pacem sequestram dixit, Servius ad eum locum En. xi. 133. pacem temporalem, ut et Thucydidis scholiastes eipvnv póσ- Ad Lib. i. 40. καιρον, πόλεμον ὠδίνουσαν, Varro pacem castrorum, pauco . oxon. rum dierum: quæ omnes sunt non definitiones sed delineationes quædam, eæque figuratæ. Qualis et illa Varronis, cum inducias dixit bellorum ferias, potuerat et belli somnum dicere. Sic et ipsas forenses ferias pacem vocavit Papinius; et somnum1 Aristoteles vinculum sensuum, quo exemplo et inducias belli vinculum recte dixeris. p. 24. n. 3. act. I. sc. 1. v. 15 Lib. i. 25. 3 In M. Varronis autem expositione, quam et Donatus Ad Ter. Eun. sequitur, hoc recte reprehendit Gellius, quod paucos dies adjecit, ostendens solere et in horas dari, addam ergo et in annos etiam viginti, triginta, quadraginta, etiam centum: quarum apud Livium exempla, quæ et illam Pauli Jurisconsulti defi- L. postlim. nitionem redarguunt: induciæ sunt cum in breve et in præ- capt. § 1. sens tempus convenit, ne invicem se lacessant. Seneca dicto jam loco: artifex est etiam cui ad exercendam artem instrumenta non suppetunt. 1 Vide Philosophi Librum De Somno et Vigilia, cap. 3. in fine. J. B. if anything is said of peace, that will not hold for the time of truce: 3 In the exposition of Varro's words which Donatus follows, Gellius rightly reprehends his having added, "a peace of a few days;" and he shews that truces were granted for hours. And I add further, that truces have been made for years, as twenty, thirty, forty, even a hundred; of which we have examples in Livy, which shew the error of 19. D. de Lib. ii. 16. § 20. 4 Fieri tamen poterit, ut si appareat, alicujus conventionis rationem unicam et per se moventem in solidum fuisse cessationem actuum bellicorum, ut tunc, quod de pacis tempore dictum est, per inducias valeat, non ex vi vocis, sed ex mentis certa collectione, de qua alibi legimus. II. Videtur autem induciarum nomen non ab eo, quod Gellius vult, inde uti jam, nec ab endoitu, id est, introgressu, ut Opilius voluit, venisse, sed quod inde, id est, a certo tempore otium sit, quomodo éxexeipíav Græci vocant. Apparet Gell. xix. 8. enim etiam ex Gellio et Opilio, veteribus per t, non per c literam scriptum hoc nomen, quod nunc pluraliter profertur, olim haud dubie etiam singulariter. Vetus scriptura fuit indoitia : nam otium tunc oitium enunciabant a verbo oiti, quod nunc uti dicimus, sicut ex poina (nunc pœnam scribimus) fit punio, et ex Poino (qui nunc Panus) fit Punicus. Sicut autem ex eo quod est ostia, ostiorum, factum est nomen Ostia Ostia: sic ex indoitia indoitiorum, factum est indoitia, indoitiæ, deinde indutia, cujus, ut dixi, plurale nunc tantum in usu est: olim, ut Gellius monuit, etiam unitatis numero en...a d. loco. c Sicut ex poina (nunc pœnam scribimus) fit punio] Vide Servium in x. Eneidos ad vocem mærorum. (vers. 24.) d Ostia Ostia] Et ex ostrea, ostre that definition of Proclus the Jurist: A truce is, when for a short and present time, a convention is made, that the parties are not to attack each other. 4 It may however happen, that if it appear that the sole moving reason of any convention was the cessation of warlike acts, that then, what is said of the time of peace shall hold for a time of truce; not from the force of the word, but from the clear inference of intention, of which we have elsewhere spoken. II. The name Inducice does not come, as Gellius would have it, from inde uti jam; nor as Opilius holds, from endoitu, that is, introgression; but from inde otium, because from a certain time there is a cessation of acts. It appears also, from Gellius and Opilius, that the ancients wrote this word with the letter t, not c; and that though now it is plural only, it formerly had a singular. The old form was indoitia, for otium was then written oitium, from the verb oiti, which later became uti; as from poina (afterwards pœna) came punio, and from Poino (afterwards Pœnus) came Punicus. And as from ostia in the plural, ostia, ostiorum, a door, came the singular ostia, ostice; so from the plural indoitia, indoitiorum, came indoitia, indoitice, and thence indutia, of which, as I have said, the plural only remains in use, though the singular formerly was used, as Gellius tells us; Donatus is |