bantur, quam ad rem sicut ex jure gentium indictio, ita ex jure Romano novus populi Romani jussus desiderabatur. Nam quod in rogatione contra Antiochum dictum erat: vel- Liv. xxxvi. 1. lent, juberentque cum Antiocho rege quique sectam ejus secuti essent bellum iniri: quod et observatum in decreto adversus regem Persea, videtur intelligi debere quamdiu cum Lib. xlii. 31. Antiocho aut Perseo bellum esset, et de his qui reipsa ei bello se immiscerent. ii. 1. XI. Causa autem cur gentes ad bellum illud, quod jure gentium justum diximus, denuntiationem requirerent, non ea fuit quam adferunt nonnulli, ne quid clam aut dolo agerent, id Alb. Gent. enim ad fortitudinis præstantiam magis quam ad jus pertinet; 2sicut nationes quædam etiam prælii diem et locum condixisse leguntur: sed 1ut certo constaret non privato ausu sed voluntate utriusque populi aut populi capitum geri bellum: nam inde nati sunt effectus peculiares, qui neque in bello adversus gionis misso. Revera scopus et finis præcipuus moris indicendi belli hic fuit, ut omnibus constaret, eum qui ad arma venit justam causam habere, et ut hosti ipsi significaretur, per eum stetisse et stare adhuc, quominus res alio modo dirimatur. Id innuit DrIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS, Ant. Rom. Lib. 11. cap. 72. ubi de institutione collegii Fecialium agit: et SERVIUS in En. x. 14. Sed præsertim NONIUS MARCELLUS, cujus locum, quamvis in quibusdam depravatum, ad summam rei quod spectat, luculentum heic proferam: ITAQUE [Ro- attacked, not as accessories in another's wars, but as principals; and to this effect, by the Law of Nations, a declaration of war was required, and by the constitution of Rome, a new edict of the people. For what had been said in the decree against Antiochus: Do you decree that war should take place with Antiochus and his followers? which form was also used with regard to Perscus, seems to require to be understood, as long as the war with Antiochus or with Perseus continued, and with regard to those who really joined in the war. XI. The cause why nations require a declaration of war for that kind of war which we call just by the Law of Nations, is not that given by some, that nothing may be done clandestinely or fraudulently; for that is a matter rather of bold frankness than of right; as some nations are related to have announced beforehand the day and place of battle: but that it might be clearly known that the war was undertaken, not as a venture of private persons, but by the will of Lib. lii. de Ayala, i. 5. ii. 2. prædones, neque in eo quod rex gerit in subditos locum habent. Ideo Seneca distincte dixit: indicta bella finitimis, aut gesta cum civibus. XII. Nam quod notant quidam et exemplis docent, etiam in bellis talibus capta fieri capientium, verum est, sed ex una dumtaxat parte, idque ex jure naturali, non ex jure voluntario gentium, ut quod gentibus tantum prospicit, non his Alb. Gent. d. qui sine gente sunt, aut pars gentis. Errant et in eo, quod putant bellum sui tuendi aut rerum tuendarum ergo susceptum indictione non egere: nam eget omnino: non quidem simpliciter, sed ad es quos dicere cœpimus, et mox explicabimus, effectus. XIII. Ne illud quidem verum, non statim atque indictum est inferri bellum posse: quod Cyrus in Armenios, Romani in Carthaginienses, ut modo diximus, fecerunt. Nam indictio nullum post se tempus jure gentium requirit. Potest tamen fieri, ut ex naturali jure tempus aliquod requiratur ex negotii qualitate, puta cum res repetitæ sunt, aut pœna in nocentem postulata, et id negatum non est. Tunc enim id the two peoples or their heads: for from this public character arise peculiar effects, which do not take place either in a war carried on against pirates, or in one which a king makes against his subjects. And so Seneca speaks with a distinction, of war declared against neighbours, or carried on against our own citizens. XII. For what some remark and illustrate by examples, that even in such wars, what is captured becomes the property of the captors is true, but on one side only, and that by Natural Law, not by the instituted Law of Nations; since that regards only nations and their dealings with nations, not those who are without nation, or are only part of a nation. They err in this, that they think that a war undertaken for the purpose of defending one's self or one's property, does not need to be preceded by a declaration of war; for it by all_means needs such an introduction: not indeed simply, but for the sake of leading to the effects we have already partly explained, and shall explain further. XIII. Nor is it true even that a war may not be begun immediately after it has been declared: which Cyrus did in Armenia, and the Romans towards the Carthaginians, as we have already said. For a declaration of war does not, by the Law of Nations, require any definite time after it. But it may be requisite that, by Natural Law, some time may be required, in consequence of the quality of the business: as for instance, if property is required to be restored, dandum est tempus quo quod petitum est commode fieri possit. XIV. Quod si jus etiam legationum violatum sit, non ideo tamen denuntiatione opus non erit ad eos quos dico effectus sed sufficiet eam fieri quomodo fieri tuto potest, per literas scilicet: quomodo et citationes et denuntiationes alias fieri mos habet in locis minus tutis. or criminals to be punished, and this is not refused. For then, so much time is to be given as may conveniently suffice for doing what is asked. XIV. But even if the rights of legation be violated, it does not follow that a declaration of war is not needed for the effects to which I refer: but it is sufficient if it be made in such way as it may safely be made, that is, by letter: as also it is usual to make summonses and denunciations in unsafe places. AD D illud Virgilii: ad infantes et feminas por rigi: X. Etiam ad captos, et quovis tempore: XI. Etiam ad eos qui se dedere volunt, nec recipiuntur: XII. Etiam ad deditos sine conditione. XIII. Perperam id jus ad causas alias referri, ut ad talionem, pertinaciam defen sionis. XIV. Porrigi et ad obsides. Jure gentium vetitum ve- rumpere. XVIII. Percussoribus uti an contra jus gentium sit, distinguitur. XIX. Stupra an sint contra jus gentium. Tum certare odiis, tum res rapuisse licebit. Servius Honoratus, cum juris fecialis originem ab Anco Effectus quosdam esse proprios] Crantzius Saxonicorum XI. 5. b Licet matrimonium contrahere, sed laudabilior est ex pio proposito cœlebs castitas] Tertullianus adversus Marcionem I. vacat abstinentiæ testimonium, si licentia eripitur. (Cap. 29.) Vide de hac re, et de fuga in persecutione CHAPTER IV. Of the right of killing enemies in formal War, and of other violence against the person. I. On the line of Virgil, Æn. x. 14, in which he says that after the declaration of war it will be lawful to ravage the enemy, Servius Honoratus gives an account of the origin of the Feciales, and the mode of claiming what had been taken from the Romans, and if satisfaction Martio et ulterius ab Equicolis petiisset, sic ait: si quando a II. 1 Sed quod dixit Virgilius licebit, videamus quo pertineat. Interdum enim licere dicitur id quod rectum ex omni parte piumque est, etiamsi forte aliud quid fieri possit laudabilius, quale est illud Pauli apostoli: πávтa poi ežeσtiv, dλλ' 1 Cor. vi. 12. οὐ πάντα συμφέρει omnia illius scilicet generis cujus sunt de quibus agere cœperat et acturus erat) licent mihi, sed non omnia expediunt. Sic licet matrimonium contrahere, sed laudabilior est ex pio proposito cœlebs castitas, ut ad Pollentium ex codem Apostolo disserit Augustinus. Repetere De Adult. quoque nuptias licet, sed laudabilius est uno contentum esse sequ. eundem Lib. 1. ad Uxorem. Hieronymus adversus Helvidium, (Tom. II. pag. 14. in fin. Edit. Basil.) virgo majoris est meriti dum id contemnit, quod si fecerit, non delinquit. Adversus Jovinianum (Lib. 1. pag. 25 в.) ideo plus amat virgines Christus, quia sponte tribuunt were not given by restoration, declaring war by throwing a spear. Rapere, to ravage, and satisfacere, to restore, were words of a technical comprehensiveness. And thus we learn that a war declared between two nations, or their heads, has certain peculiar and appropriate effects, which do not follow from the nature of war itself: and this agrees with what we have already adduced from the Roman lawyers. II. 1 But Virgil said licebit, it will be lawful; let us see what that implies. For sometimes that is said to be lawful which is every way right and pious; though something else might be done which is more laudable; as St Paul says, all things (of a certain kind) are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient. Thus it is lawful to marry, even when celibacy is better; it is lawful to marry a second time, though conj. i. 15. et |