ON esse contra naturam spoliare eum, quem ho NON nestum est necare, dixit Cicero. Quare mirum offic. iii. 6. non est, si jus gentium corrumpi ac rapi permiserit res hostium quos, interficere permiserat. Polybius itaque historiarum cap. 11. quinto, jure belli comprehendi ait ut munitiones hostium, portus, urbes, viri, naves, fructus, et si qua sunt similia, aut eripiantur, aut corrumpantur. Et apud Livium legimus, esse Lib. xxxi. 30. quædam belli jura, quæ ut facere ita pati sit fas: sata exuri, dirui tecta, prædas hominum pecorumque agi. Ipsas urbes totas dirutas, aut monia solo æquata, populationes agrorum, incendia singulis ferme paginis apud historiarum scriptores invenias. Et notandum licere hæc et in deditos. Oppidani, inquit Tacitus, portis sponte patefactis se suaque Ann. xiii. 41. • Non esse contra naturam spoliare eum quem honestum est necare] Suetonius Nerone XL. tanquam occasione nata spoliandarum jure belli opulentissimarum provinciarum. Cyprianus de Mor talitate: sic cum irruptione hostili civi- CHAPTER V. Of Ravaging and Pillaging Property. I. Cicero says it is not against nature to despoil him whom it is honourable to kill. Wherefore it is not to be wondered at if the Laws of Nations permit the property of enemies to be destroyed and avaged, when it has permitted them to be killed. Polybius says that by the Laws of War, all munitions of the enemy, ports, cities, men, ships, fruits, and anything of like kind, may be either plundered or destroyed. And in Livy we read; There are certain rights of war which may be exercised and must be submitted to; as to burn crops, to destroy buildings, to drive off booty of cattle and men. Indeed you find in every page of history, whole cities destroyed, walls levelled with the ground, lands depopulated, conflagrations raised. And it is to be noted that these measures are allowed also against those who have surrendered. The townsmen, says Tacitus, opened their gates and put [GROT. III.] 7 36. D. de relig. Cap. 55, Romanis permisere, quod salutem ipsis tulit: Artaxatis ignis immissus. consultus. II. 1 Neque jus gentium merum, seposita officiorum aliorum consideratione, de quibus dicemus infra, sacra excipit, id est, quæ Deo aut diis dicata sunt. Cum loca capta sunt L. cum loca ab hostibus, omnia desinunt sacra esse, ait Pomponius jurisSacra Syracusarum victoria profana fecerat, ait Cicero Verrina quarta. Causa hujus est, quod quæ sacra dicuntur, revera non eripiuntur humanis usibus, sed publica sunt: sacra autem nominantur a fine cui destinata sunt. Signum ejus quod dico est, quod cum quis populus alteri populo Lib. i. 3. §8. aut regi se dedit, tum etiam ea dedi quæ divina dicuntur, ut ex formula apparet quam citavimus alibi ex Livio: cui convenit illud in Amphitruone Plauti (Act. 1. Scen. 1, vers. 71): Urbem, agrum, aras, focos, seque uti dederent. Deinde (vers. 102): Deduntque se, divina, humanaque omnia. b Omnia desinunt sacra esse] Tertullianus Apologetico (cap. 25.) Porro bella et victoriæ captis et eversis plurimum urbibus constant: id negotium sine Deorum injuria non est: eædem strages manium et templorum: pares cædes civium et sacerdotum: nec dissimiles rapine sacrarum divitiarum et profanarum. Tot igitur sacrilegia Romanorum, quot trophæa: tot de Diis, quot de gentibus triumphi: tot manubiæ, quot manent adhuc simulacra captivorum deorum. Mox: et bene, quod si quid adversi urbibus accidit, eadem clades templorum quæ et manium fuerant. (Cap. 40.) Sed publica sunt] Marsilius Patavinus in defensore pacis cap. v. pag ?. Nicol. Boerius decis. LXIX. num. 1. Bossius in crim. de foro competente num. 101. Cothmannus cons. 100. num. 30. Eorum sint et templa] Ostendit hunc morem et Polybii locus infra capite xii. § 7. e In belli usus conversas] Ut a Syracusis tempore Timoleontis, in cujus vita id habet Plutarchus (pag. 247 E.) Chii mulctam sibi a Mithridate indictam etiam e sacris vasis conficiunt. Appianus Mithridatico, (pag. 201.) Pli themselves at the mercy of the Romans, which was their safety; Artaxatœ was burnt. II. 1 The mere Law of Nations, setting aside the consideration of other duties, of which we shall afterwards speak, does not except sacred edifices, that is, those which are dedicated to God or to gods. When places are taken by the enemy, all ceases to be sacred, as Pomponius the Jurist says. The sacred places of Syracuse were desecrated by victory, as Cicero says. The cause of this is that the places which are called sacred are not really abstracted from human uses; but are called sacred in consideration of the end to which they are destined. A sign of this is that when a people gives itself up to another people or king, it gives up also what are called sacred edifices, as appears by De Just. ct Cap. 46. 2 Et ideo Ulpianus publicum jus etiam in sacris ait con- 12 D. sistere. Pausanias Arcadicis ait morem fuisse Græcis barba- Jur. risque communem, ut res sacræ arbitrii eorum fierent qui urbes cepissent. Sic Jovis Hercæi simulacrum, Troja capta, concessum Sthenelo, multaque alia ejus moris exempla commemorat. Thucydides lib. iv. τὸν νόμον τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εἶναι, Cap. 98. ὧν ἂν ᾖ τὸ κράτος τῆς γῆς ἑκάστης, ἤν τε πλέονος, ἤν τε βραχυτέρας, τούτων καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ ἀεὶ γίγνεσθαι· jus hoc apud Græcos esse, ut qui imperium obtineant in terra aliqua magna aut parva, deorum sint et templa. A quo non discrepat illud apud Tacitum: cunctas ceremonias Italicis in Ann. iii. 71. oppidis, templaque, et numinum effigies, juris atque imperii Romani esse. 3 Quare et populus ipse, mutata voluntate, potest ex sacro profanum facere: quod non obscure indicant jurisconsulti Paulus et Venuleius: et temporum necessitate videmus res sacras ab his qui sacraverant in belli usus conversas, ut a nius Lib. XVII. cap. ultimo de Porcio Catone agens: idem arbores religiosas lucosque succidi permisit, sacrificio prius facto: cujus rei rationem quoque eodem volumine tradidit. Sulla bello Mithridatico donaria ab Olympia, Epidauro, Delphis abstulit, Plutarcho narrante, (pag. 459) et Appiano, (pag. 206) idem pretium restituit. Diodorus Siculus in Excerptis Peirescianis. (pag.406.) Augustus ex templis thesauros accepit mutuos, Appiano docente civilium v. (pag. 678) vasa sacra ab Agapeto oppignorata tradit Cassiodorus XII. 20. Heraclius in gravi necessitate vasa ec clesiæ in nummos vertit, sed postea pre- the formula which we have elsewhere cited from Livy. So Plautus in the Amphitruo. 2 And therefore Ulpian says that public law includes sacred things also. Pausanias says that it is a practice common to Greeks and barbarians, that sacred things should be at their disposal who have taken the city. So when Troy was taken, the image of Hercæan Jove was granted to Sthenelus; and Thucydides mentions many examples of this usage: that they who rule the land possess the temples. And Tacitus's account is not really different, that in the Italic towns all the ceremonies, temples, images, are under the Roman authority. 3 Wherefore the people may change its will, and make a sacred building into a profane one; as Paulus and Venuleius not obscurely imply; and we see that, by the necessity of the times, sacred things L. inter sti sacrum, 5. pulantem, 83. et l. continuus, 137. cum quis, 6. oblig. D. de verb. Pericle sub 'pollicitatione restituendi tantundem, a Magone in Hispania, a Romanis bello Mithridatico, a Sulla, 'Pompeio, Pag. 839 A. Cæsare, atque aliis factum legimus. Apud Plutarchum Tiberius Gracchus: ἱερὸν καὶ ἄσυλον οὐδὲν οὕτως ἐστὶν, ὡς τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀναθήματα. χρῆσθαι δὲ τούτοις καὶ κινεῖν καὶ μετ ταφέρειν ὡς βούλεται τὸν δῆμον οὐδεὶς κεκώλυκs nihil tam sacrum sanctumque est quam quæ Deorum honori dicantur. Et his tamen uti populum, hæc transmovere nemo prohibet. 'In controversiis Seneca patris legimus: pro republica plerumque templa nudantur, et in usum stipendii dona conflaApud Macr. mus. Trebatius jurisconsultus temporum Cæsaris; profanum quod ex religioso vel sacro in hominum usum proprietatemque conversum est. Hoc ergo gentium jure usus Germanicus in Marsos, narrante Tacito: profana simul et sacra, et celeberrimum illis gentibus templum quod Tanfanæ vocabant, solo æquantur. Pertinet huc illud Virgilii (Æneid. XII. Sut. iii. 3. Ann. i. 51. 778): Colui vestros si semper honores, Quos contra Eneada bello fecere profanos. 1 Vide hac de re THUCYDIDEM, Lib. n. cap. 13. et DIODORUM SICULUM, Lib. XII. cap. 40. J. B. Refert hoc LIVIUS, Lib. xxxvIII. cap. 36. J. B. 3 Habet ex APPIANO Alexandr. De Bell. Mithrid. pag. 185. Ed. H. Steph. J. B. * De Pompeio nihil apud Scriptores veteres reperio, nisi quæ habet Dion Cassius, initio Lib. XLI. At vide infra, pag. 174. Ed. H. Steph. Quod spectat Sullam, vide Notam Auctoris nostri. 5 Vide SUETON. Cæsar. cap. 54. et ipsum CESAREM, Comm. De Bell. Civ. Lib. 1. cap. 6. J. B. In controversiis Seneca] In excerptis iv. 4. 8 Profanum quod ex religioso vel sacro in hominum usum proprietatemque conversum est] Servius ad Eneidos 11. (vers. 713) de Cereris templo: Eneas scit ante esse profanatum. Idem habet are sometimes converted to the use of war by those who had con- 21. Deorum donaria capi a victoribus solere notavit Pausanias: Lib. iii. 46. et Cicero belli legem id vocat, de P. Servilio loquens: signa, In Verr.i inquit, et ornamenta ex urbe hostium vi et virtute capta belli lege atque imperatorio jure sustulit: Sic Livius tem- Lib. xxv. 40. plorum ornamenta quæ Syracusis Marcellus Romam advexit parta ait belli jure. C. Flaminius pro M. Fulvio: lata et cetera facta quæ captis urbibus soleant. quoque in oratione belli jus hoc ipsum appellat. in oratione apud Sallustium referens quæ victis dere, ponit et fana spoliari. Liv. xxxviii. signa ab- Apud eumd. iFulvius 43. Et Cæsar Lib. xxxix. 4. solent acci- Bell Catil c. 50. 4 Illud tamen verum est, si quo in simulacro numen aliquod inesse credatur, id violari aut corrumpi nefas ab iis qui in ea persuasione conveniunt: et hoc sensu impietatis, aut læsi etiam gentium juris accusantur interdum qui talia commiserunt, nimirum ex talis opinionis positione. Aliud est si hostes non idem sentiant: sicut Judæis non permissum tantum, sed et præceptum est gentium simulacra abolere: nam quod sibi Deut. vii. 5 accipere vetantur, id eam causam habet, quo magis Hebræi superstitiones gentium detestarentur, impuritatis admoniti ipso ad III. et ad Ix. Eneidos et ad XII. Ad eclogam vero septimam: dona oblata numinibus tamdiu sacra sunt, et dona possunt dici, quamdiu non fuerint profanata. (Ad vers. 31.) h Capi a victoribus solere] Virgilius Eneidos v. (vers. 360): Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum. Plutarchus Fabio narrat, signum ab eo Herculis Tarenti captum, missumque in Capitolium: reliquos Deos Tarentinis relictos, ut iratos. (Pag. 187 c.) Huc spectat et quod modo ex Tertulliano Fulvius] Vide Polybium excerpto Fana spoliari] Vide Cromerum libro XVII. (pag. 402) de rebus Antiochensis Ecclesiæ captis a Chosroë, vide Procopium Persicorum 11. (cap. 9.) Servilius. So Livy, speaking of the ornaments of the temples brought by Marcellus from Syracuse to Rome. So C. Flaminius in Livy, and Fulvius in Polybius, and Cæsar in Sallust. 4 It is however true, that if there be any image in which a divine virtue is supposed to exist, it is wicked that it should be violated or destroyed by those who agree in that persuasion. And in this sense they who commit such acts are accused of impiety, or even of breaking the Laws of Nations; that is, on the assumption of such an opinion. It is another matter if the enemies do not so think. Thus the Jews were not only permitted, but commanded to destroy the idols of the Gentiles. For their being forbidden to take and keep them was for this reason; that the Hebrews might the more |