Here let your lustre, in my conduct, shine! [cline!" Grace my retreat! and soften my deA short account is also given of Mrs. C. Smith, celebrated for her Novels, poetical productions, &c.; and of Mr. Thomas Bradford, a young man of this city, who died in the year 1808, and who to great natural abilities, united a considerable share of self-acquired knowledge.

The volume concludes with "a short Account of the Towns, Villages, &c. in the Vicinity of Chichester," and of the "Watering-places on the Coast of Sussex;" which, above all other maritime parts of the kingdom, seems of late to have become the favourite resort of bathers.

31. A Chronological History of the Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean, Vol. IV. By James Burney, F. R. S. Captain in the Royal Navy. 4to. pp. 598. Nicol, &c.

[The Reader is desired to correct the following Erratum in the former part of our Review of this Work: p. 52, second column, 1. 19, for, to each Volume, read to each Voyage.]

IN our Magazine for July, a short account was given of the three first volumes of this Work, together with a few remarks on the plan aud execution of the whole we proceed to give a similar account of the fourth volume.

This volume then consists of two

Parts: the first contains a History of the Buccaneers of America: the second, Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea after the retreat of the Buccaneers.

The Boucaniers, or Buccaneers, were Freebooters, or Pirafes, of different Nations, combined against the Spaniards who had pre-occupied various parts of South America, and who were not less scrupulous in making depredations on the Natives. They were so called from their peculiar way of dressing their animal-food, which they derived from the Caribbe Indians: many of the French, who hunted animals for food in these parts, were Normans; and they called the flesh when eured Boucan,the Indians having before called it Barbecu: hence the name Buccaneers. Flibustiers were also persons of a similar character, freebooters, and pirates.

The narratives of the Buccaneers

who traversed the South-seas are the most authentic of any published by this class of adventurers. They are often indeed accounts of rovings on the sea, and of mere landings, of rapine, on the coasts, and of dissentions and cabals with each other: still they are much interspersed with maritime and geographical observations, confirming the several relations; and these are often of more worth than the descriptions of their several undertakings. But we shall take the Captain's own account.

"The men whose enterprises are to be related, were natives of different European nations, but chiefly of Great

Britain and France, and most of them seafaring people, who being disappointed, by accidents or the enmity of the Spaniards, in their more sober pursuits in the West Indies, and also instigated by thirst for plunder as much as by desire for vengeance, embodied themselves, under different leaders of their own choosing, to make predatory war upon the Spaniards. These men the Spaniards naturally treated as pirates; but some peculiar circumstances which provoked their first enterprises, and a general feeling of enmity against that nation on account of their American conquests, procured them the connivance of the rest of the Maritime States of Europe, and to be distinguished first by the softened appellations of Freebooters and Adventurers, and afterwards by that of Buccaneers. Spain, or, more strictly speaking, Castile, on the merit of a first discovery, claimed an exclusive right to the possession of the whole of America, with the exception of the Brazils, which, were conceded to the Portuguese. These claims, and this division, the Pope sanetioned by an instrument, entitled a Bull of Donation, which was granted at a time when all the Maritime Powers of

Europe were under the spiritual dominion of the See of Rome. The Spaniards, however, did not flatter themselves that they should be left in the sole and undisputed enjoyment of so large a portion of the newly-discovered countries; but they were principally anxious to preserve wholly to themselves the West Indies: and, such was the monopolising spirit of the Castilians, that during the life of the Queen Ysabel of Castile, who was regarded as the patroness of Columbus's discovery, it was difficult even for Spaniards, not subjects born of the Crown of Castile, to gain access to this New World, probibitions being repeatedly published against the admission of all other persons into the ships bound thither.

thither. Ferdinand, King of Arragon, the husband of Ysabel, had refused to contribute towards the outfit of Columbus's first voyage, having no opinion of the probability that it would produce him an adequate return; and the undertaking being at the expence of Castile, the countries discovered were considered as appendages to the Crown of Castile. - If such jealousy was entertained by the Spaniards of each other, what must not have been their feelings respecting other European Nations? 'Whoever,' says Hakluyt, is conversant with the Portugal and Spanish writers, shall find that they account all other nations for pirates, rovers, and thieves, which visit any heathen coast that they have sailed by or looked on.'-Spain considered the New World as what in our law-books is called Treasure-trove, of which she became lawfully and exclusively entitled to take possession, as fully as if it had been found without any owner or proprietor. Spain has not been singular in her maxims respecting the rights of discoverers. Our books of Voyages abound in instances of the same disregard shewn to the rights of the native inhabitants, the only rightful proprietors, by the Navigators of other European nations, who, with a solemnity due only to offices of a religious nature, have continually put in practice the form of taking possession of countries, which to them were new discoveries, their being inhabited or desert making no difference. Not unfrequently has the ceremony been performed in the presence, but not within the understanding, of the wondering Natives; and on this formality is grounded a claim to usurp the actual possession, in preference to other Europeans."

This History of the Buccaneers contains the following heads:

"Chapter I.-Considerations on the Rights acquired by the Discovery of Unknown Lands, and on the Claims advanced by the Spaniards.

11.- Review of the Dominion of the Spaniards in Hayti or Hispaniola.

III.-Ships of different European Nations frequent the West Indies. Opposition experienced by them from the Spaniards. Hunting of Cattle in Hispaniola.

IV. Iniquitous Settlement of the Island Saint Christopher, by the English and French. Tortuga seized by the Hunters. Origin of the name Buccaneer. The name Flibustier. Customs attributed to the Buccaneers.

V.-Treaty made by the Spaniards with Don Henriquez. Increase of English and French in the West Indies.

XI. Disputes between the French Government and their West India Colonies. Morgan becomes Deputy Governor of Jamaica. La Vera Cruz surprized by the Flibustiers. Other of their Enterprizes.

XII. Circumstances which preceded the Second Irruption of the Buccaneers into the South Sea. Buccaneers under John Cook sail from Virginia; stop at the Cape de Verde Islands; at Sierra Leone. Origin and History of the Report concerning the supposed Discovery of Pepys Island.

XIII.-Buccaneers under John Cook arrive at Juan Fernandez. Account of William, a Mosquito Indian, who had: lived there three years. They sail to the Galapagos Islands; thence to the Coast of New Spain. John Cook dies. Edward Davis chosen Commander.

XIV. Edward Davis Commander. On the Coast of New Spain and Peru. Algatrane, a bituminous earth, Davis is joined by other Buccaneers. Eaton sails to the East Indies. Guayaquil attempted. Rivers of St. Jago, and To. maco. In the Bay of Panama, Arrivals of numerous parties of Buccaneers across the Isthmus from the West Indies.

XV. Edward Davis Commander. Meeting of the Spanish and Buccaneer Fleets in the Bay of Panama. They separate without fighting. The Buccaneers sail to the Island Quibo. The English and French separate. Expedition against the City of Leon. That City and Ria Lexa burnt. Farther dispersion of the Buccaneers.

XVI.-Buccaneers under Edward Davis. At Amapalla Bay; Cocos Island; The Galapagos Islands; Coast of Peru. Peruvian Wine. Knight quits the South Sea. Bezoar Stones. Marine Productions on Mountains. Vermejo. Davis joins the French Buccaneers at Guaya quil. Long Sea Engagement.

XVII.- Edward Davis; his Third visit to the Galapagos. One of those Islands, named Santa Maria de l'Aguada by the Spaniards, a Careening Place of the Buccaneers. Sailing thence Southward they discover Land. Question, whether Edward Davis's Discovery is the Land which was afterwards named Easter Island? Davis and his Crew arrive in the West Indies.

XVIII. Adventures of Swan and Townley on the Coast of New Spain, until their Separation.

XIX. The Cygnet and her Crew on the Coast of Nueva Galicia, and at the Tres Marias Islands.

XX. The Cygnet. Her Passage across the Pacific Ocean. At the Ladrones. At Mindanao.

XXI.-The Cygnet departs from Mindanao. At the Ponghou Isles. At the Five Islands. Dampier's Account of the Five Islands. They are named the Bashee Islands.

XXII. The Cygnet. At the Philippines, Celebes, and Timor. On the Coast of New Holland, End of the Cygnet.

XXIII. French Buccaneers under François Grogniet and Le Picard, to the Death of Grogniet.

XXIV. Retreat of the French Buccaneers across New Spain to the West Indies. All the Buccaneers quit the South Sea.

XXV.-Steps taken towards reducing the Buccaneers and Flibustiers under subordination to the regular Governments. War of the Grand Alliance against France. Neutrality of the Island St. Christopher broken.

XXVI.-Siege and Plunder of the City of Carthagena on the Terra Firma, by an Armament from France in conjunc tion with the Flibustiers of St. Domingo. XXVII. Second Plunder of Carthagena. Peace of Ryswick, in 1697. Entire Suppression of the Buecaneers and Flibustiers."

At the beginning of this volume the Captain makes a few just remarks on the right of occupancy; and he might, with advantage, have enlarged on it. For it is remarkable, how the Castilians who formed their first settlement in Hayti or Hispaniola reversed every principle of natural rea

son that regards property, so well discussed by Mr. Locke, 5th chapter of his second Treatise on Government, and every principle of religion, as laid down by Christ and his Apostles. They hunted down this gentle feeble people with blood-hounds, by an inge nious but dastardly cruelty, unknown to any nation before. But this remains on record, to the glory of these first discoverers, not of their religion!

Though the accounts of such Christian savages (or rather worse than brutes) cannot be said to be agreeable, yet a review of this first settlement of the Spaniards possesses much that is very interesting; and must be more so at present, when it is recollected that the natives of Hayt, after having passed into different hands, are at length happily delivered from all their taskmasters, and that the King of Hayti has actually now an ambassador to the Prince Regent of Great Britain.

The following passage will shew the proceedings of the Buccaneers in succession to the Spaniards.

"In the year 1517 or 1518, some Spaniards in a caravela going from St. Domingo to the Island Porto Rico, to take in a lading of cassava, were surprised at seeing a ship there of about 250 tons, armed with cannon, which did not appear to belong to the Spanish Nation; and on sending a boat to make inquiry, she was found to be English. The account given by the English Commander was, that two ships had sailed from England in company, with the intention to discover the country of the Great Cham; that they were soon separated from each other by a tempest, and that this ship was afterwards in a sea almost covered with ice; that thence she had sailed Southward to Brasil, and, after various adventures, had found the way to Porto Rico. This same English ship, being provided with merchandise, went afterwards to Hispaniola, and anchored near the entrance of the port of San Domingo, where the Captain sent on shore to demand leave to sell their goods. The demand was forwarded to the Audiencia, or superior Court in San Domingo; but the Castellana, or Governor of the Castle, Francisco de Tapia, could not endure with patience to see a ship of another nation in that part of determination of the Audiencia, ordered the world, and, without waiting for the the cannon of the fort to be fired against her; on which she took up her anchor and returned to Porto Rico, where she purchased provisions, paying for what

she

a

she got with wrought-iron, and afterwards departed for Europe *. When this visit of an English ship to the West Indies was known in Spain, it caused there great inquietude; and the Governor of the Castle of San Domingo, it is said, was much blamed, because he had not, instead of forcing the ship to depart by firing his cannon, contrived to seize her, so that no one might have returned to teach others of their nation the route to the Spanish Indies. The English were not the only people of whom the Spaniards had cause to be jealous, nor those from whom the most mischief was to be apprehended. The French, as already noticed, had very early made expeditions to Brasil, and they now began to look at the West Indies; so that in a short time the sight of other European ships than those of Spain became no novelty there. Hakluyt mentions Thomas Tyson, an Englishman, who went to the West Indies in 1526, as factor to some English merchants. When the Spaniards met any of these intruders, if able to master them, they made prisoners of them, and many they treated as pirates. The new-comers soon began to retaliate. In 1529, the Governor and Council at San Domingo drew up the plan of a regulation for the security of their ships against the increasing dangers from pirates in the West Indies. In this, they recomiended, that a central port of commerce should be established in the West Indies, to which every ship from Spain should be obliged to go first, as to a general rendezvous, and thence be dispatched, as might suit circumstances, to her farther destination; also, that all their ships homeward bound, from whatsoever part of the West Indies, should first rendezvous at the same port; by which regulation their ships, both outward and homeward bound, would form escorts to each other, and have the benefit of mutual support; and they proposed that some port in Hispaniola should be appointed for the purpose, as most conveniently situated. This plan appears to have been approved by the Council of the Indies; but, from indolence, or some other cause, no farther measures were taken for its adoption. The attention of the Spaniards was at this time almost wholly engrossed by the conquest and plunder of the American Continent, which it might have been supposed would have sufficed them, according to the opinion of Francisco Preciado, a

* "Historia General de las Indias, por Gong. Hernandez de Oviedo, lib. 19. cap. 13. Also Hakluyt, vol. III, p, 499, edit. 1600,"

Spanish discoverer, who observed, that there was country enough to conquer for a thousand years. The continental pursuits caused much diminution in the importance of the West India Islands to the Spaniards. The mines of the Islands were not comparable in richness with those of the Continent, and, for want of labourers, many were left unworked. The Colonists in Hispaniola, however, had applied themselves to the cultivation of the sugar-cane, and to manufacture sugar; also to hunting cattle, which was found a profitable employment, the skins and the suet turning to good account. The Spaniards denominated their hunters Matadores, which in the Spanish language signifies killers or slaughterers. That the English, French, and Hollanders, in their early voyages to the West Indies, went in expectation of meeting hostility from the Spaniards, and with a determination therefore to commit hostility if they could with advantage, appears by an ingenious phrase of the French adventurers, who, if the first opportunity was in their favour, termed their profiting by itse dedomager par avance.'-Much of Hispaniola had become desert. There were long ranges of coast, with good ports, that were unfrequented by any inhabit ant whatever, and the land in every part abounded with cattle. These were such great conveniencies to the ships of the interlopers, that the Western coast, which was the most distant part from the Spanish capital, became a place of common resort to them when in want of provisions. Another great attraction to them was the encouragement they received from Spanish settlers along the coast; who, from the contracted and monopolizing spirit of their government in the management of their Colonies, have at all times been eager to have communication with foreigners, that they might obtain supplies of European goods on terms less exorbitant than those which the Royal regulations of Spain imposed. The Government at San Domingo employed armed ships to prevent clandestine trade, and to clear the coasts of Hispaniola of interlopers, which ships were called guarda costas; and it is said their Commanders were instructed not to take prisoners. On the other hand, the intruders formed combinations, came in collected numbers, and made descents on different parts of the coast, ravaging the Spanish towns and settlements."

This part of our History (that of the Buccaneers) closes with the fol lowing just observations:

"In the history of so much robbery

and