accession of George III, is unobjectionable; but in 1768 he is generally credited with aiding the son of the Marquis of Granby to defend Lord Baltimore, who was awaiting his trial in Newgate on a charge of rape, by the publication of an anonymous pamphlet entitled 'Modern Chastity; or the Agreeable Rape, a poem by a young gentleman of sixteen in vindication of the Right Hon. Lord Be.' The production chiefly consists of a coarse attack on the Methodist sect, to which the prosecutrix in the case against Lord Baltimore belonged. [See CALVERT, GEORGE, Lord Baltimore, 1731-1771.] It is attributed to Allen on the fairly certain ground of a contemporary manuscript note in the copy at the British Museum, stating it to be 'undoubtedly by the well-known Rev. Bennet Allen.' Horace Walpole (Letters, vi. 44) is believed to refer to this work and to another on a kindred topic, of which Allen is also assumed to be the author, in a letter to the Countess of Ossory, dated 5 Jan. 1774. The present Lord Granby [who had succeeded to the title in 1770],' he writes, 'is an author, and has written a poem on "Charity" [i.e. a probable misreading for Chastity"], and in prose a "Modest Apology for Adultery."... They say his lordship writes in concert with a very clever young man, whose name I have forgotten.' A shilling pamphlet, entitled 'A Modest Apology for the prevailing Practice of Adultery,' was announced for publication in August 1773 in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (p. 398), but nothing further is known of it, and it may possibly have been suppressed.

In subsequent years Allen contributed largely to the Morning Post,' and in an anonymous article, called Characters of Principal Men of the [American] Rebellion,' which appeared there on 29 June 1779, he vehemently attacked the character of a gentleman named Daniel Dulany, formerly secretary of Maryland. On 1 July the 'Morning Post' withdrew the charges against Dulany, but Mr. Lloyd Dulany, a brother of the subject of the alleged libel, challenged its unknown author in the pages of the newspaper. Allen does not appear to have declared himself the writer of the article immediately, but after a long interval a meeting was arranged. On 18 June 1782 the duel was fought, and Dulany was killed. Allen and his second, Robert Morris, surrendered themselves on 5 July of the same year, to answer a charge of manslaughter at the Old Bailey sessions. After a trial, which attracted general public attention, Allen, in spite of the evidence as to his character adduced by Lords Bateman, Mountnorris, and many

fashionable ladies, was convicted, and sentenced to a fine of one shilling and six months' imprisonment. Of Allen's later life no account is accessible.

[Notes and Queries (3rd series), iii. 251; Annual Register (1782), p. 213; European Magazine, ii. 79; Gent. Mag. lii. 353.] S. L. L.

ALLEN, EDMUND (1519?-1559), bishop-elect of Rochester, a native of the county of Norfolk, was elected a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1536, took the degree of M.A. in 1537, and was steward of his college in 1539. Not long afterwards he obtained permission from the society to go and study beyond the seas for a limited time. When the leave of absence

had almost expired, his friend Sir Henry Knyvett wrote to the master and fellows requesting a further indulgence of two or three years, both on account of the wars, which rendered his return unsafe, and of his being in a situation where he had an opportunity of making considerable advances in learning. Sir Henry seems to have been more than ordinarily solicitous about obtaining this favour, and he assured the college authorities that if they would oblige him therein, he should gladly lay hold of any opportunity to show his gratitude. To this appeal the president (Mr. Porie), in the absence of the master, with the consent of the rest, returned a favourable answer, granting leave of absence for two years longer, but exhorting him to advise Allen in his next letters 'to use himselfe in all points pristelike in holinesse and devocion, whereof we here otherwise, but as all reports be not true, so I trust this is not.' On the receipt of Sir Henry's letters Allen wrote a long answer to the president (dated from Landau, 22 March 1545-6), acknowledging the favour shown him, and endeavouring to purge himself from the slanderous reports by solemnly declaring in the presence of God that they were all utterly false. He entreats Porie to continue to him both his friendship and good offices with the society, and also to remit him his stipend, of which he stood in urgent need by reason of the extreme dearth that hath beene here so great thes three yearys, as no man here lyvyng can remember any like.' He adds that he was frequently obliged to change the place of his abode on many necessary considerations, more particularly to hear the divers gifts of God in good men, whereby, he thanked the Lord, he had found no little profit; and he concludes, in the same pious strain in which the rest of his letter is written, with his hearty prayers for the prosperity of the society. There can be no doubt that his denial of the reports that he was attached to the

reformed doctrines was prompted by prudential motives, for Strype admits that while abroad he became not only a proficient in the Greek and Latin tongues, but an 'eminent protestant divine' and a 'learned minister of the Gospel. Moreover, it appears that, so far from being bound by his ordination vows, he had a wife and eight children (MACHYN, Diary, 208). As he is styled B.D., and no such degree is recorded, he probably took it in some foreign university. In 1549 he was in England, and was appointed chaplain to the Princess Elizabeth, afterwards queen. On Mary's accession he again went abroad, and did not return to England till after her death.

Queen Elizabeth constituted him one of the royal chaplains, and gave him a commission to act under her as an ambassador. He was nominated to the see of Rochester, and is presumed to have been elected to that bishopric under a congé d'élire which issued 27 July 1559. He died, however, before consecration, and was buried in the church of St. Thomas the Apostle, London, 30 Aug. 1559.

He is author of: 1. A Christian Introduction, forsouth, containing the Principles of our Faith and Religion,' London, 1548, 1550, and 1551, 8vo. 2. A Catechisme, that is to say, a Christen Instruction of the principal Pointes of Christes Religion,' London, 1551, 8vo. 3. Of the Authority of the Word of God, translated from Alexander Ales.' 4. 'On both Species of the Sacrament and the Authority of Bishops, translated from Philip Melancthon.' 5. On the Apocalypse, translated from Conrad Pelican.' 6. 'Paraphrase upon the Revelation of St. John, translated from Leo Jude, minister of Zurich,' London, 1549, fol. 7. To him is also attributed the translation of an epistle of Dr. Matthew Gribald, professor of law at Padua, on the Tremendous Judgment of God,' 1550, 12mo.

[Masters's Hist. of Corpus Christi Coll. Camb. 213, Append. 85; MS. Addit. 5862 f. 45; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 27; Ames, Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 544, 547; Cooper's Athena Cantab. i. 198; Machyn's Diary, 208.] T. C.

ALLEN, JAMES BAYLIS (1803-1876), line-engraver, was born in Birmingham, 18 April 1803. He was the son of a buttonmanufacturer, and as a boy followed his father's business; but at about fifteen years of age he was articled to an elder brother, a general engraver in Birmingham, and about three years later he commenced his artistic training by attending the drawing classes of John Vincent Barber. In 1824 he came to London, and soon found employ

6

ment in the studio of the Findens, for whose 'Royal Gallery of British Art' he engraved at a later period Trent in the Tyrol, after Sir A. W. Callcott. Allen's best plates, however, are those after Turner's drawings for the 'Rivers of France,' 1833-5, consisting of views of Amboise, Caudebec, Havre, and St. Germain; and for the England and Wales,' 1827-32, for which he engraved the plates of Stonyhurst, Upnor Castle, Orfordness, Harborough Sands, and Lowestoft Lighthouse. To these may be added 'The Falls of the Rhine,' after Turner, for the 'Keepsake' of 1833; some plates after Stanfield and Allom for Heath's 'Picturesque Annual,' and others after Prout, Roberts, Holland, and J. D. Harding, for Jennings's Landscape Annual;' and 'The Grand Bal Masqué at the Opera, Paris,' after Eugène Lami-a plate remarkable for its effective rendering of artificial light and hot atmosphere-for Allom's 'France illustrated.' His larger works were executed chiefly for the Art Journal,' and comprise The Columns of St. Mark, Venice,' after Bonington, the Battle of Borodino,'' Lady Godiva,' and 'The Fiery Furnace,' after George Jones, R.A., and Westminster Bridge, 1745,' and London Bridge, 1745,' after Samuel Scott, for the Vernon Gallery; the 'Death of Nelson,''Phryne going to the Bath as Venus,' the Decline of Carthage,' 'Ehrenbreitstein, St. Mawes, Cornwall, and Upnor Castle,' for the Turner Gallery; and the 'Battle of Meeanee,' after Armitage, 'Greenwich Hospital,' after Chambers, Hyde Park in 1851,' after J. D. Harding, Venice: the Bucentaur' and 'The Dogana, Venice,' after Canaletto, and 'The Herdsman,' after Berchem, for the Royal Gallery; 'The Nelson Column," after G. Hawkins, 'Smyrna,' after Allom, and 'The Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius,' after Turner. He engraved likewise a set of five views on the coasts of Suffolk and Kent, and plates for Bartlett's 'Ireland,' 1835, Bartlett's Canadian Switzerland,' 1839, Bartlett's Scenery,' 1840, Beattie's 'Scotland,' 1836, Finden's Views of the Ports and Harbours of Great Britain,' 1839, and Wright's Rhine, Italy, and Greece,' 1843.

152, 162) in Leicestershire, which properly belonged to the master and brethren of the hospital of Burton Lazars. The cardinal was then at the height of power; but one of the articles for which he was impeached six years later was that he had disposed of this benefice by virtue of his legatine authority in derogation of the rights of the true patrons (BREWER'S Letters &c. of Henry VIII, vol. iv. pt. 3, No. 6035). It is clear this was only one of those technical offences which the ingenuity of lawyers never failed to discover when it was sought in those days to crush a falling statesman. Much more serious complaint was made at the time of another of the cardinal's measures, in which Allen acted as one of his chief agents the suppression of a number of minor monasteries in 1524 and 1525, with a view to the foundation of his two colleges at Ipswich and Oxford. This he was authorised to do by papal bull; but the conduct of his agents in the matter, especially of Allen, gave rise to considerable outcry, and complaints were made about it to the king. Wolsey, however, appears to have satisfied the king on this point, and Allen continued on the high road to favour. On 19 Nov. 1524, he was made, in addition to his other promotions, vicar of Alborne, and in August 1525 rector of Llaniestyn in Carnarvonshire. It was with a view to his institution to this latter benefice that the documents above referred to were exhibited by him to the Bishop of Bangor's commissary, Dr. Brett.

On 18 June, 1526, he was admitted to the prebend of Southwell in Nottinghamshire, belonging to Wolsey's see of York, which he resigned two years later on being made archbishop of Dublin. On 12 Jan. 1527, he was made prebendary of Reculverland in St. Paul's Cathedral. That he was also treasurer of that cathedral, as stated by some writers, appears to be a mistake; for, according to Le Neve, the office was held by Thomas Benet, LL.D., from 1521 to 1558. He continued to assist Wolsey in the discharge of his legatine functions, as in the examination of heretics and in the collusive suit shamefully instituted by the cardinal against the king in May 1527, by which it was sought at first to get the marriage with Katharine declared invalid without her knowledge. In July of the same year he accompanied his patron on his splendid mission to France, described by Cavendish. In August 1528 he was nominated to the archbishopric of Dublin, and resigned the livings of Sundridge and Risborough, with the three prebends of Southwell, Asgarby, and Reculverland. On 19 Sept. he was made chancellor of Ireland, and the money due to the

king on the temporalities of his see was remitted (RYMER, Fœdera (1728), xiv. 266, 268). His consecration as archbishop took place on 13 March, 1529 (COTTON's Fasti, ii. 18). A difficult task lay before him in Ireland, where he was expected to support Wolsey's authority as legate, which, it was maintained by the primate (the Archbishop of Armagh), did not extend to that country (BREWER, iv. 5624). A few months later (October 1529) Wolsey fell into disgrace, and was indicted for the exercise of his legatine powers in England; and when, in 1531, the English clergy were heavily fined for having submitted to his authority, Allen also had to compound for offences against the statutes of provisors and præmunire at no less a sum than 14667. 13s. 4d. He received on this (7 Feb. 1532) a general pardon, both as chancellor of Ireland and as Wolsey's commissary. But he was greatly impoverished, and begged Cromwell for a prebend of 1007. a year to enable him to maintain appearances. On 5 July the Archbishop of Armagh, with whom he had great controversies as to precedence, was made chancellor of Ireland in his room.

In 1534 broke out the formidable rebellion of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald. Archbishop Allen secretly left Dublin Castle, where he was in danger of being besieged, and took sail for England; but, the wind being unfavourable, he was driven back, and compelled to land at Clontarf on the north side of Dublin Bay. He took refuge, along with some dependants, in a house in the village of Artaine. On the news of his landing becoming known, Lord Thomas repaired to the spot, and caused him to be dragged out of bed into his presence. The archbishop knelt before him in his shirt and mantle, entreating for mercy. But the followers of Lord Thomas, mistaking, as some say, an order from their master, which was simply to take him away and put him in confinement, butchered him and most of his attendants without remorse. This foul deed was done on 27 (or perhaps 28) July 1534, and Campian, writing of the event a generation later, says 'the place is ever since hedged in, overgrown and unfrequented, in detestation of the fact.' The archbishop is said to have been at the time in his fifty-eighth year.

Allen was the author of two treatises: 'Epistola de pallii significatione activa et passiva,' written when he received his pall as archbishop, and 'De consuetudinibus ac statutis in tutoriis causis observandis.' He also compiled two Registers, both of which are still extant, the one called 'Liber Niger, and the other Repertorium Viride,' full of

ALLEN, or ALLIN, JOHN (1596-1671), one of the patriarchs of New England, was born in 1596. It is believed he was of Cambridge University, where he proceeded M.A. He is described by one not given to laudation as having been a hard student, a good scholar,' and it is added he was an excellent preacher, a grave and pious divine, and a man of a most humble, heavenly, and courteous behaviour, full of sweet christian love to all.' None the less was he exposed to the politico-religious persecutions of the times. Being settled' at Ipswich, he came under the ban of that high-church precisian and fanatic combined, Bishop Wren. He voluntarily left his 'cure' and removed to London, rather than be contentious. About the year 1637-8 he accompanied a band of the best of English Puritanism to New England, being obliged to go on board the ship which was to convey him thither in disguise, in order to elude pursuit.' In 1639 he was 'chosen pastor of the [congregational] church of Dedham, Massachusetts,' where he continued much beloved and useful all the rest of his days,' only now and again accompanying Eliot in his labours' among the Indians.

In 1637 a number of English divines, having had it bruited that their brethren on the other side were departing from the old landmarks in regard to ecclesiastical discipline and order, addressed to them a letter of inquiry in respect to what they called the Nine Positions. The New-England divines answered the communication at great length, frankly acknowledging that on certain points

their views had been modified. This in turn was replied to by John Ball on behalf of the English divines, and to this finally a very able and pungent answer was given by Allen along with Thomas Shepard, entitled A Defence of the Nine Positions.'

very strongly and peremptorily. In 1646 an attempt which was made to bring the colonists into subjection to the British parliament produced passionate resistance. Allen was chosen to be the voice' of the colony, and he submitted a statesmanlike paper in a manly and decided tone,' marking the just limitations of colonial allegiance and imperial rights, and fully sustaining the colonists.

He was twice married. His first wife, Margaret, went over with him to New England. Shortly after her death he married his second wife Katharine, widow of Governor Thomas Dudley. He left three sons, and all over the United States to-day families are found to trace their descent from him. He died on 26 Aug. 1671. His bereaved congregation published his last two sermons: the one from Song of Solomon viii. 5, and the other from St. John xiv. 22. In their preface the editors denominate him a constant, faithful, diligent steward in the house of God, a man of peace and truth, and a burning and shining light.' These two sermons were some years since reprinted in a memorial volume, entitled "The Dedham Pulpit.' Allen's name appears with reverent mention in Winthrop's Letters and Journals.'

[Brook's Lives of the Puritans, iii. 456; Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 108-10; Wren, Parentalia, p. 96; Mather's Magnalia, b. iii. pp. 132-3; E. Worthington's Hist. of Dedham.]

A. B. G.

ALLEN, or ALLEYN, JOHN (1660?— 1741), physician and inventor, the date of whose birth is not positively known, was M.D., but of what university does not appear. He was admitted extra-licentiate of the College of Physicians of London 13 Sept. 1692; practised, and apparently died, at Bridgewater, Somersetshire. The very existence of this physician has, strangely enough, been called in question, even quite recently (WERNICH und HIRSCH, Biograph. Lexicon der Aerzte, Wien, 1884), and contemporary writers (MANGET, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Medicorum, Geneva, 1731, i. 106, and ELOY, Dict. Historique de la Médecine, Mons, 1778, i. 95) believed the name under which his chief work, the Synopsis Medicinæ,' was published, to be a pseudonym (nom supposé), though it is quoted correctly in Acta Eruditorum' (Lipsia, 1720, p. 75). But there can be no doubt as to the identity of this author and Dr. Allen of Bridgewater. His portrait, engraved by Van der Gucht, ad vivum, is also extant to show that he actually existed. Allen published in 1719 Synopsis universæ Medicinæ practicæ; sive doctissimorum Virorum de Morbis eorumque causis ac remediis judicia,' a work which became