fied. Of Allin himself Pepys's estimate was not less variable than that which he has given of others. On one occasion he thinks him a good man, but one that professes he loves to get and to save;' and on another he has been told 'how Sir Thomas Allin, whom I took for a man of known courage and service on the king's side, was tried for his life in Prince Rupert's fleet, in the late times, for cowardice and condemned to be hanged.' Such a story of the man whom Rupert afterwards singled out for his especial favour, carries with it its own refutation.

[Gillingwater's Historical Account of the Ancient Town of Lowestoft, p. 111; Calendars of State Papers (Domestic), 1660-66; Pepys's Diary, passim; Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 19098, pp. 268 b, 277.]

J. K. L.

ALLINGHAM, JOHN TILL (A. 17991810), dramatist, was the son of a wine merchant in the city of London (Biographia Dramatica, 1812). He was brought up to the profession of the law, but is chiefly known as a successful and prolific dramatist. His afterpiece, Fortune's Frolic,' first produced at Covent Garden in 1799, long enjoyed great popularity, the leading character, Robin Roughhead, having been represented by very many admired comedians. His second play, "Tis all a Farce,' was produced at the Haymarket in 1800. Others of his works are the 'Marriage Promise,' a comedy with music by Michael Kelly, produced at Drury Lane 1803; 'Mrs. Wiggins,' a farce in two acts, produced at the Haymarket in 1803; 'Hearts of Oak,' a comedy, produced at Drury Lane in 1803; the 'Weathercock,' a farce, produced at Drury Lane in 1805; the Romantic Lover,' a comedy, produced at Covent Garden in 1806, and 'damned,' writes Genest. The following plays have also been attributed to Allingham: Who wins? or the Widow's Choice,' a musical farce, produced at Covent Garden in 1808; 'Independence, or the Trustee,' produced at Covent Garden in 1809; 'Transformation, or Love and Law,' a musical farce, produced by the Drury Lane company at the Lyceum Theatre in 1810. Much of the success obtained by Allingham's plays was due to the ability and popularity of Charles Mathews. Harlow painted a portrait of the actor as Mr. Wiggins in the farce of Mrs. Wiggins.' In his 'Life of John Kemble' (1825), Boaden writes of Allingham that with an agreeable person and a jovial temper, he became dreadfully embarrassed in his circumstances and died yet young, the victim of disease brought on by intemperance.' He is said to have devoted his leisure to the study of mechanics, and to have invented a flying

machine, by means of which he succeeded in fluttering about his rooms like a dabchick.' He sought to rise in the air with the help of balloons filled with steam, but his experiments proved abortive. He further distinguished himself by fighting a duel in a turnip field with one of his critics. [Genest's History of the Stage, 1832.]

D. C.

ALLISON, THOMAS (A. 1697), was an Arctic voyager, of whose personal history we have no record beyond what is to be gleaned from a journal of one of his voyages While in command afterwards published. of the ship Ann, of Yarmouth, of 260 tons, in the service of the Russia Company, he left Archangel in the White Sea on his homeward voyage, on 8 Oct. 1697. After beating about for seventeen days off the coasts of Russia and Lapland, he found himself, on the 23rd of the same month, twentyone miles N.E. from the Nord Kyn, the northernmost point of Europe and Norway, in lat. 71°6′N. Two days later, during a gale in thick weather, he sighted the North Cape, and ran for shelter into the 'Fuel,' or wide opening between the Nord Kyn and the North Cape. A perusal of his journal in the light of the best modern charts and sailing directions for these parts serves to show that he finally anchored in a small but secure harbour on the west side of what is now known as Porsanger Fjord, probably Saernoes Pollen, where he, by stress of weather, was forced to winter. It was during this period, under most difficult and trying circumstances, that his once famous journal was written, which is a faithful record of the daily experiences and trials of himself and his hardy crew. Such was the intense cold on 1 Feb. 1698, that, in order to write his journal, a boy had to thaw the ink as oft as he had occasion to dip his pen.' The writer appears to have been not only a thorough seaman, well experienced in northern navigation, but also one well able to command the respect of his men by his unswerving adherence to daily work and discipline during a period of nearly five months' apparently enforced idleness. After enduring all the hardships of a severe Arctic winter with the loss of only one man, the Ann left the Fuel 26 March 1698, and on 24 April following finally reached Gravesend. This narrative was published in the following year under the title of An Account of a Voyage from Archangel in Russia, in the year 1697, of the Ship and Company wintering near the North Cape, in the Latitude of 71. Their manner of Living and what they suffered by the Extreame Cold.

ALLIX, PETER, D.D. (1641-1717), preacher and theologian, son of Pierre Allix, pastor of the Reformed Church of France at Alençon, was born at Alençon, department of L'Orne, Normandy, in 1641. His father directed his early studies; afterwards he attended the protestant universities of Saumur and Sedan. He was especially distinguished in the study of Hebrew and Syriac, and worked at a new translation of the Bible, in conjunction with the well-known Claude. His first charge as a pastor was at St. Agobille, in Champagne. In 1670, owing to his distinguished abilities, he was translated to Charenton, Paris, the principal reformed church of the metropols, attended by most of the distinguished families of the reformed faith. Here he acquired great fame and power as a preacher, so much so, that in Bayle's Dictionary a high compliment is paid to his learning and abilities. In 1683 he was chosen moderator of the last provincial synod, held at Lisy, in the diocese of Meaux. The synod numbered fifty-four ministers, and sat for three weeks.

In 1685, in consequence of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, Allix was compelled to leave France. He came to England, where he at once obtained naturalisation as an English subject, and authority to found in London a French church for the refugees, on condition that the worship should be conducted on the Anglican model. He rapidly acquired a complete acquaintance with the English language.

Soon after his arrival he published a learned and powerful book, entitled 'Reflections on the Books of the Holy Scripture, to establish the Truth of the Christian Religion.' The book was dedicated to King James II, and in his dedication the author makes a cordial acknowledgment of the kindness which he and his fellow-exiles had received. Allix obtained the degree of D.D. from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and in 1690 he was appointed treasurer of the church of Salisbury.

Allix was requested to write a history of the Church Councils, a work which would have extended to seven volumes, but for want of sufficient encouragement the undertaking had to be abandoned. He wrote many books, however, on various departments of theology and church history, and from his great stores of learning, both christian and rabbinical, many of his contributions acquired a peculiar value. In the latter part of his life he directed his attention especially to the prophecies of Scripture, and influenced in part, perhaps, by the calamities which had befallen himself and his protestant countrymen, he maintained that Jesus Christ was soon to return and reign on earth.

Louis XIV was very desirous to induce Allix to return to France, and, through his ambassador at London, made proposals to that effect, on the understanding, of course, that he would renounce his protestantism. But to such proposals Allix turned a deaf ear.

Allix was on intimate terms with many of the most eminent men of letters of the day, by whom, as indeed by all classes in England, he was highly esteemed for the firmness of his principles, the variety and extent of his learning, his social disposition, and the integrity and consistency of his character. He died at London on 3 March 1717, aged 76.

The works published by Allix, some in French, some in Latin, and some in English, were as follows: 1. Reponse à la Dissertation par Bertram, et Jean Scott, ou Erigene,' 1670. 2. Ratramme, ou Bertram Prêtre; du corps et du sang du Seigneur,' 1672. 3. Dissertatio de Trisagii origine,' 1674. 4. 'Dissertatio de Sanguine Domini Nostri Jesu Christi.' 5. 'Dissertatio de Tertulliani vita et scriptis.' 6. Les Malheurs de l'impenitence, sermon de jeune, sur Proverbes i. 24-28, prononcé à Charenton en 1675.' 7. Les devoirs du Saint Ministère, sermon de consecration, sur Tit. ii. 7, 8, prononcé à Charenton en 1676.' 8. 'Dissertatio de Conciliorum quorumvis definitionibus ad examen revocandis,' 1680. 9. Anastasii Sinaiticæ anagogicarum contemplationum in Hexahemeron lib. xii.' 1682. 10. Défense de la Réformation, sermon sur Jeremie vi. 16, prononcé à Charenton en 1682.' 11. 'Douze Sermons de P. A. sur divers textes,' 1685. 12. 'Determinatio F. Joannis Parisiensis de modo existendi corporis Christi in sacramento altaris,' 1686 (proving that the Church of Rome did not hold transubstantiation before the Council of Trent). 13. 'Les maximes du vrai Chrétien,' 1687. 14. 'L'Adieu de St. Paul aux Ephesiens,' 1688. This sermon

was intended to be preached at Charenton on the day on which the church was closed. 15. A Discourse concerning Penance,' 1688. 16. A Discourse concerning the Merit of Good Works,' 1688. 17. An Historical Discourse concerning the Necessity of the Minister's Intention in administering the Sacrament,' 1688. 18. Reflections upon the Books of the Holy Scripture to establish the Truth of the Christian Religion,' two vols. (the first published in French, 1687, the second in English, 1688). 19. Preparation for the Lord's Supper,' 1688. 20. An Examination of the Scruples of those who refuse to take the Oaths,' 1689. 21.‘Some Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the ancient Church of Piedmont,' 1690. 22. Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Albigenses,' 1692. (In these two books Allix tries to prove that the Waldenses and Albigenses had preserved the truth unchanged from apostolic times.) 23. 'The Judgment of the ancient Jewish Church against the Unitarians,' 1689. (He shows that the Jews always held the divinity of their expected Messiah.) 24. 'De Messiæ duplice Adventu.' (He tries to make out that the second Advent would be in 1720, or at latest 1736.) 25. Animadversions on Mr. Hill's Vindication of the Primitive Fathers against Reverend Gilbert,' 1695. 26. Dissertatio in Tatianum. 27. Preface and Arguments on the Psalms,' 1701. 28. 'Nectarii Patriarchæ Hierosolymitani Confutatio Imperii Papæ,' 1702. 29. Augustini Hermanni Franche [of Halle] Manuductio ad lectionem SS. edita studio P. A.,' 1706. 30. 'Dissertatio de Domini Nostri anno et mense natali,' 1707. 31. A Confutation of the Hopes of the Jews,' 1707. 32. Prophecies applied by Mr. Whiston, &c., considered,' 1707. 33.Reflexions critiques et théologiques sur la controversie de l'Eglise' (no date).

Clonmel until 1809, when he was elected professor of botany in Dublin University. Soon after this event he became acquainted with Robert Brown, the botanist, with whom his friendship was lifelong. In consequence of this intimacy, Dr. Allman arranged his lectures in 1812 on the natural system, he being the first professor in the British isles to do so. He held the chair of botany until 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. George James Allman; but he did not long enjoy his well-earned leisure, for he died on 8 Dec. 1846.

In addition to the two mathematical papers mentioned in the 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers,' he wrote 'On the Mathematical Relations of the Forms of the Cells of Plants,' in the 'British Association Report' for 1835, erroneously attributed in the above-mentioned catalogue to his successor. He was also the author of an arrangement of plants' according to their natural affinities, which was read before the British Association at Dublin in 1835, and printed in its 'Proceedings.' This was afterwards more developed and issued under the title 'Familiæ Plantarum,' Dublin, 1836, as a text-book for his classes. His best known work is a thin quarto entitled Analysis per differentias constantes viginti, inchoata, generum plantarum quæ in Britanniis, Gallia, Helvetia. sponte sua crescunt,' London, 1828. In 1844 he privately brought out an abstract of a memoir read in 1811 before the Royal Society, but not printed, on the mathematical connection between the external organs of plants and their internal structure.

[Information from Prof. G. Johnston Allman, Professor in Queen's College, Galway, son of William Allman.]

B. D. J.

ALLOM, THOMAS (1804-1872), architect, born in London on 13 March 1804, was articled to Francis Goodwin, and spent more than seven years in his office. He was as much artist as architect, and, in the employ of Messrs. Virtue & Co. and Messrs. Heath & Co., he furnished the drawings for the series of illustrated works upon which his reputation rests. Amongst these may be named his 'Cumberland and Westmoreland,' 'Devonshire and Cornwall,' Scotland,' France,' 'Constantinople,' 'Asia Minor,' and China.' He exhibited for many years at the Royal Academy, where his charming pencil usually gained a place of honour.' He was frequently called upon to assist his professional brethren, and there are few artists who forget the vigour and beauty of the drawings, made for the late Sir Charles Barry, of the new Houses of Parliament,

ALLOTT, ROBERT (A. 1600), was editor of a famous miscellany of Elizabethan poetry, entitled 'England's Parnassus; or the choycest Flowers of our Modern Poets, with their Poeticall comparisons, Descriptions of Bewties, Personages, Castles, Pallaces, Mountaines, Groves, Seas, Springs, Rivers, &c. Whereunto are annexed other various discourses, both pleasant and profitable. Imprinted at London for N. L., C. B., and T. H., 1600.' The compiler's name is not given on the titlepage, but the initials 'R. A.' are appended to the two preliminary sonnets. Oldys, the antiquary, in the preface to Hayward's British Muse' (1738), asserted that he had seen a copy containing the signature 'Robert Allott' in full; and it has been solely on Oldys's authority hitherto that the compilation of this valuable anthology has been attributed to Allott. The fact has been overlooked that Dr. Farmer, in a manuscript note in his copy of England's Parnassus' (preserved in the British Museum), states that he, too, had seen the name 'Robert Allott' printed in full. Mr. J. P. Collier, however, in his reprint (Seven English Poetical Miscellanies, 1867), suggests that the initials 'R. A.' belong to Robert Armin, author of the Nest of Ninnies.' He reasons thus: Robert Allott prefixed some complimentary verses to Tofte's 'Alba' (1598), and therefore we should have expected to find some extracts from 'Alba' in Allott's anthology; as we find none, it is unlikely that Allott was the editor. Mr. Collier's memory was at fault. There are no such verses by Robert Allott, although, as Mr. Collier himself points out in another place (Bibliogr. Account, ii. 111), there is a sonnet by a certain R. A.,' whose identity we have no means of discovering.

6

In 1599 was published a thick duodecimo, entitled 'Wits Theater of the Little World,' a prose 'collection of the flowers of antiquities and histories.' There is no name on the titlepage, and the dedication in most copies is addressed To my most esteemed and approved loving friend, Maister J. B.,' and bears no signature. One bibliographer after another ascribes the book to John Bodenham. But there is a copy (preserved in the British Museum) in which the dedication is signed 'Robert Allott,' and 'J. B.' is printed in full, 'John Bodenham.' It is thus clear that Allott was the compiler of Wits Theater,' and that the book was produced under Bo

denham's patronage. Bodenham, it can be shown on other grounds, was not the compiler of the prose and verse miscellanies of the beginning of the seventeenth century, which, like 'England's Helicon' and 'Wits Theater,' have been repeatedly associated with his name; he was merely their projector and patron [see BODENHAM, JOHN].

No biographical facts have come down about Allott. Brydges (Restituta, iii. 234) surmised that he was the Robert Allott who held a fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1599. There was also a publisher of this name in the early part of the seventeenth century; but we have no means of identifying the editor of England's Parnassus' with either of his namesakes. Two sonnets by a Robert Allott are prefixed to Gervase Markham's 'Devereux (1597); his name is appended to a sonnet and six Latin hexameters prefixed to Chr. Middleton's 'Legend of Duke Humphrey' (1600), and a Robert Allott is noticed in John Weever's 'Epigrams' (1599). In each of these cases the Robert Allott is doubtless to be identified with the editor of England's Parnassus,' to whom we might also attribute with safety the six Latin hexameters (signed 'R. A.) prefixed to Wits Commonwealth.'

'England's Parnassus' is a thick octavo volume of some five hundred pages. The extracts are arranged alphabetically under subject-headings, and the author's name is appended in each case. Mr. Collier has succeeded in tracing most of the extracts to the particular works from which they are taken. From his tabular statement we find that Spenser is quoted 225 times, Shakespeare 79, Daniell 115, Drayton 163, Warner 117, Chapman 69 (really 83; vide Appendix to SWINBURNE'S Essay on Chapman), Ben Jonson 13, Marlowe 33. Critics have commented severely on Allott's carelessness; but perhaps the charge has been somewhat overstated. There are certainly some glaring instances of inaccuracy, as when Gaunt's dying speech is attributed to Drayton, and the opening lines of Spenser's Mother Hubberd's Tale' to Greene. But England's Parnassus' has been the means of preserving some exquisite verse. The fragment of Marlowe beginning 'I walked along a stream for pureness rare' was printed for the first time in this collection; nor is it necessary to hold with Dyce (preface to Marlowe's Works), that Allott never resorted to manuscript sources.' Moreover, some of the entries enable us to assign to their proper owners books of which the authorship would be otherwise unknown.

'England's Parnassus' has been twice re