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ment in the districts of local magistrates who were invested with a summary jurisdiction in petty civil suits, the establishment of trial by jury, the introduction of a paper currency, arrangements for increasing the supply of labour by immigration, and for establishing steam communication with England viâ Aden, and a reduction of the public expenditure. On relinquishing the government he was presented with addresses by representatives of all the leading bodies in the colony. Sir George Anderson's appointment to the government of Ceylon at the time at which it was made was a distinguished mark of confidence; for owing to a rebellion on the part of the Cinghalese which had recently taken place, the ill-judged measures which had accompanied its suppression, and the personal differences which had arisen between the late governor, Lord Torrington, and some of the chief officials in the island, the colony was in a very disorganised condition. The state of feeling which resulted from these occurrences could not fail more or less to embarrass the position of the new governor. Party spirit ran high, and the situation was aggravated by differences which unfortunately arose between the bishop of Colombo and several of his clergy. Anderson seems to have fully sustained his previous reputation. As in India and in Mauritius, so also in Ceylon, reforms in the judicial system, having for their object promptitude in the administration of justice and simplification of the procedure of the courts, engaged much of his attention. He developed the resources of the colony by improving the communications, exercised a strict control over the expenditure, and by his conciliatory bearing towards the chiefs and principal headmen of the central province, he restored the confidence of the Cinghalese portion of the population. After governing the colony for nearly four years and a half, the failure of his health compelled him to resign his post in the spring of 1855. He had been advanced to a knight commandership of the Bath on his appointment to Ceylon. He died 17 March 1857, in the sixty-seventh year of his age.

Anderson was married three times, and left a widow and fifteen children, the eldest of whom, the late Sir Henry Lacon Anderson, K.C.S.I., also a Bombay civil servant, rose to a high position in that presidency, and died in March 1879, being then a secretary at the India office.

[Annual Register, 1850, 1851, 1857; Records of the Government of Bombay; Mauritius Addresses, 1848-9; Records of the Government of Ceylon; private correspondence.] A. J. A.

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ANDERSON, JAMES (1662-1728), Scotch genealogist and antiquary, was born at Edinburgh 5 Aug. 1662, being a son of the Rev. Patrick Anderson, a nonjuring clergyman, who was sometime minister of Lamington, in Lanarkshire, and who, during the persecutions in the reign of Charles II, had been incarcerated in the state prison on the Bass Rock. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he was admitted to the degree of M.A. 27 May 1680. Having chosen to adopt the profession of the law, he served his apprenticeship to Sir Hugh Paterson, an eminent member of the Society of Writers to the Signet, and was admitted to the privileges of that body of legal practitioners 6 June 1691. His profession afforded him numerous opportunities to study ancient documents. He soon became fond of antiquarian research, and it appears from his correspondence that at an early period he formed an intimacy with Captain John Slezer, the author of the 'Theatrum Scotia,' whose historical investigations and personal disappointments bear so striking a resemblance to his own. It is probable, however, that Anderson might have passed through life in comparative obscurity but for a circumstance which occurred during the excitement consequent upon the proposed union between England and Scotland. In 1704, while feeling ran very high on this subject, an English lawyer named William Atwood, who had been chief-justice of New York, published a pamphlet entitled The Superiority and direct Dominion of the Imperial Crown and Kingdom of England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland." The author of this work revived the claims of Edward I to the crown of Scotland, with many insulting sneers at the pretensions of Scottish independence. It curiously happened that Anderson, though altogether unknown to Atwood, was appealed to by him as an eye-witness to vouch for the trustworthiness of some of the charters and grants by the kings of Scotland. The charters in question are the well-known documents, supposed to have been forged by Harding the chronicler, of which no one now supports the authenticity. Anderson, in consequence of such an appeal, deemed himself bound in duty to his country to publish what he knew of the matter, and to vindicate the memory of some of the best of the Scottish kings, who were accused by Atwood of a base and voluntary surrender of their sovereignty. Accordingly, in 1705, he published 'An Historical Essay, showing that the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland is Imperial and Independent,' Edinb. 1705, 8vo. It is a clear,

well-written treatise, and was at the time a conclusive criticism on the forged charters. The work was so acceptable to his country that the Scottish parliament granted him a reward, and ordered thanks to him to be delivered by the lord chancellor in presence of her majesty's high commissioner and the estates. This was done, and at the same time parliament ordered Atwood's book to be burnt at Edinburgh by the hands of the common hangman.

get his claims attended to by government. George Lockhart of Carnwath, in his 'Commentarys,' gives the following curious illustration of Anderson's disappointments:

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This gentleman, by his application to the subject of antiquities, having neglected his other affairs, and having, in search after antient records, come to London, allmost all the Scots nobility and gentry of note recommended him as a person that highlie deserved to have some beneficiall post bestowed upon The assurances of support which Ander- him; nay, the queen herself (to whom he son received on this occasion tempted him had been introduced, and who took great to relinquish his profession, and to embark pleasure in viewing the fine seals and charters on his great undertaking-the collection of of the antient records he had collected) told facsimiles of Scottish charters and other my Lord Oxford she desird something might muniments. It appears that before the be done for him; to all which his lordships union he had received a grant of 3007. In usuall answer was that ther was no need of the last Scottish parliament held at Edin- pressing him to take care of that gentleman, burgh his claims were brought forward by a for he was thee man he designd, out of regard committee who reported, on 12 Feb. 1707, to his great knowledge, to distinguish in a that they do presume to give it as their particular manner. Mr. Anderson being humble opinion that the said Mr. James thus putt off from time to time for fourteen Anderson has made as great advance in the or fifteen months, his lordship at length told said matter as the time and difficulty in the him that no doubt he had heard that in his performance could permit, and that his fine library he had a collection of the piclearned industry in a matter so useful, un- tures of the learned, both antient and modertaken on the reccommendation of parlia- dern, and as he knew none who better dement, deserves further encouragement to en- served a place there than Mr. Anderson, he able him to support the charge, and carry on desired the favour of his picture. As Mr. the design uniformly, and with that beauty Anderson took this for a high mark of the of execution which will be expected in a treasurer's esteem, and a sure presage of his work begun by so great authority.' It was future favour, away he went and got his found that besides the 3007. voted to him he picture drawn by one of the best hands in had spent 5907. in his project. The parlia- London, which being presented was grament recommended to the queen the repay- ciouslie received (and perhaps got its place ment of this sum, and the advance of a in the library); but nothing more appeard thousand guineas to Anderson; and 'in of his lordships favour to this gentleman, consideration of his good services to his who having hung on and depended for a country, and of the loss he suffers by the in- long time, at length gave himself no furder terruption of his employment in prosecuting trouble in trusting to or expecting any the said work, do further recommend him to favour from him; from whence, when any her majesty as a person meriting her gracious one was asked what place such or such a favour in conferring any office of trust upon person was to get, the common reply was, him.' Mr. John Hill Burton has observed "A place in the treasurer's library.' that it was a favourite practice of the Scottish parliament to vote sums of money to public benefactors, leaving them to collect the money as they best could. In Anderson's case, however, there was not even a vote, because the Scottish parliament had met only to cease for ever, and he merely obtained a recommendation to the parliament of Great Britain, by which assembly his peculiar claims were not very likely to be recognised.

Soon after the union Anderson removed to London, where for many years he led a most unhappy life, his time being divided between the labours of completing his project and a series of unsuccessful attempts to

Matrimonial troubles augmented the difficulties of Anderson's position; for it appears that he left behind him in Scotland a second wife, who was illiterate and ill-tempered, and who had charge of the children of a previous marriage, of whom she gives a very bad report in her letters to their father.

In 1715 he received the appointment of postmaster-general for Scotland, but he only retained it for a year and a half, though he continued to draw the salary of that office2001. a year-in the form of a pension. In a memorandum dated 1723 he states that of his outlay before the union 1407. was still uncompensated; and crediting the government with 1,500l. (2007. a year for seven

years and a half), he states the balance due to him at 4,2021. He had in the meantime made an attempt, through his friend Sir Richard Steele, to relieve his embarrassments by selling his library to George II, but the negotiation failed. He had been compelled to halt, or at all events to proceed slowly, in his great undertaking, and in 1718 he is found advertising that those who wished to patronise it could see specimens at his house above the post-office in Edinburgh.' While, however, the great object of his life remained uncompleted, he was enabled to publish Collections relating to the History of Mary Queen of Scotland. Containing a great number of original papers never before printed. Also a few scarce pieces reprinted, taken from the best copies,' 4 vols., Edinb. 1727-28, 4to. The original documents contained in this volume are invaluable to historical students. George Chalmers, it is true, insinuated that there was reason to question Anderson's honesty as a transcriber, but he failed to mention any specific instance. Such insinuations were a weakness of Chalmers when the facts of a case did not happen to agree with his own prejudices.

Anderson died very suddenly of apoplexy in London on 3 April 1728, having finished the collections for his great work only a few days previously. He had been compelled to pledge the plates of his 'Diplomata,' and in 1729 they were sold for 5301. Afterwards they were put into the hands of Thomas Ruddiman, and at length the long-expected work was published under the title of Selectus Diplomatum & Numismatum Scotia Thesaurus, in duas partes distributus: Prior Syllogen complectitur veterum Diplomatum sive Chartarum Regum & Procerum Scotia, una cum eorum Sigillis, a Duncano II ad Jacobum I, id est ab anno 1094 ad 1412. Adjuncta sunt reliquorum Scotia et Magna Britanniæ Regum Sigilla, à prædicto Jacobo I ad nuperam duorum regnorum in unum, anno 1707, coalitionem; Item Characteres & Abbreviaturæ in antiquis codicibus MSS. instrumentisque usitata. Posterior continet Numismata tam aurea quàm argentea singulorum Scotia Regum, ab Alexandro I ad supradictam regnorum coalitionem perpetuâ serie deducta; Subnexis quæ reperiri poterant eorundem Regum symbolis heroicis.' Edinb. 1739, fol. The introduction professes to be the production of Ruddiman, but it is not known how far Anderson left the materials for it among his manuscript papers.

[A Collection made by James Maidment of printed papers and MSS. relating to Anderson, preserved in the British Museum (10854 ff.); John Hill Burton, in Biog. Diet. Soc. D. U. K.

ii. 580-582; MS. Addit. 4221 f. 22; Maidment's Analecta Scotica; Chambers's Biog. Diet. of Eminent Scotsmen, ed. Thomson, i. 37; Chalmers's Life of Ruddiman, 151 seq.; The Lockhart Papers, i. 371; Anderson's Scottish Nation, i. 125; Notes and Queries, 1st ser., viii. 347,xi. 439; 2nd ser., v. 251, 272, 471, vi. 27, 107, 184, vii. 372, viii. 169, 217, 327, 457, 475; 3rd ser., 144, iii. 507, x. 262; Memorials of Dr. Stukeley (Surtees Soc.).]

T. C.

i.

ANDERSON, JAMES, D.D. (1680?1739), preacher and miscellaneous writer, brother of Adam Anderson [see ANDERSON, ADAM, 1692-1765], was born, about 1680, at Aberdeen, where he was educated, and probably took the degrees of M.A. and D.D. In 1710 he was appointed minister of the presbyterian church in Swallow Street, London, whence he was transferred, in 1734, to a similar charge in Lisle Street, Leicester Fields. According to the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' he is said to have been well known among the people of that persuasion resident in London as Bishop Anderson,' and he is described as 'a learned but imprudent man, who lost a considerable part of his property in the fatal year 1720.' Several of his sermons were printed. One of them, 'No King-Killers,' preached in 1715, on the anniversary of the execution of Charles I, was a zealous defence of the conduct of the presbyterians during the civil wars, and reached a second edition. Anderson was a freemason, and when, in 1721, on the revival of freemasonry in England, the grand lodge determined to produce an authoritative digest of the 'Constitutions' of the fraternity, the task was assigned to him (ENTICK's edition (1747) of the Constitutions, p. 194 et seq.). It was as a grand warden of the lodge that he presented to it, on completing his task, 'The Constitutions of the Free Masons; containing the History, Charges, Regulations, &c. of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity. For the Use of the Lodges. London. In the year of Masonry 5723, Anno Domini 1723.' This work, which passed through several editions, was long recognised by the English freemasons to be the standard code on its subject, and was translated into German. An American facsimile of the first edition of 1723 was issued at New York in 1855, and there are reprints of the same edition in Cox's 'Old Constitutions belonging to the Freemasons of England and Ireland' (1871) and in the first volume of Kenning's

Masonic Archæological Library' (1878). Anderson also contributed to masonic literature A Defence of Masonry, occasioned by a pamphlet called "Masonry Dissected (1738?), which was translated into German,

and is reprinted in Oliver's 'Golden Remains of the Early Masonic Writers' (1847).

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In 1732 appeared the work by which Anderson is chiefly remembered, Royal Genealogies; or, the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, Kings, and Princes, from Adam to these times. Professedly based on 'Genealogische Tabellen' of Johann Hübner, it was largely supplemented by Anderson's industry. While the earlier sections of the work are of little historical value, the later are often of use in relation to the genealogies of continental dynasties and houses. The volume closes with a synopsis of the English peerage, and in the preface the author intimated his readiness, if adequately encouraged, 'to delineate and dispose at full length the genealogies of all the peers and great gentry of the Britannic isles.' Anderson's last work, which he was commissioned to undertake by the first Earl of Egmont and his son from materials furnished by them, bore the title, 'A Genealogical History of the House of Yvery, in its different branches of Yvery, Lovel, Perceval, and Gournay;' but the first volume alone was completed when Anderson died on 25 May 1739, and a second volume, subsequently published, was due to another pen (see 'To the Reader' in vol. ii.). The work was soon withdrawn from circulation on account of some disparaging remarks in it on the condition of the English peerage and on the character of the Irish people. It was re-issued, however, without the offensive passages, in 1742 (see Notes and Queries, 1st series, iv. 158, and Letters of Horace Walpole (1857), i. 107 n., and ii. 145). Much of the genealogical matter in the book has been pronounced to be mythical (DRUMMOND'S Histories of Noble British Families (1846), art. 'Percival'). Another work of Anderson's, 'News from Elysium, or Dialogues of the Dead, between Leopold, Roman Emperor, and Louis XIV, King of France,' was published shortly after his death in 1739.

[Anderson's Works; Brief notice (sub nomine) in Catalogue of the Edinburgh Advocates' Library; Gentleman's Mag. liii. 41-2; Gowans's Catalogue of Books on Freemasonry (New York, 1856); Kloss, Bibliographie der Freimaurerei (1844).]

F. E.

ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808), economist, was born at Hermiston, near Edinburgh, in 1739. At the age of fifteen he lost his parents, and undertook a farm which had long been in his family; he attended Cullen's lectures upon chemistry to improve his agricultural knowledge, and introduced the use of what was afterwards called the 'Scotch plough.' He afterwards took a farm called

Monkshill, in Aberdeenshire. In 1768 he married Miss Seton, of Mounie, Aberdeenshire, by whom he had a large family. He had published several essays upon agriculture, and in 1780 received the LL.D. degree from Aberdeen. In 1783 he moved to Edinburgh, and privately printed some remarks upon the Western Scotch fisheries. Though otherwise a generally orthodox economist, Anderson desired protection for the fisheries. Bentham remonstrated with him in a forcible letter, which offended Anderson for the moment, though Bentham afterwards wrote to him about the Panopticon in terms implying considerable confidence. Their intimacy dropped after an unexplained misunderstanding in 1793. In 1784 Pitt employed Anderson to survey the fisheries. In some correspondence with Washington, published in 1800, Anderson says that Pitt withheld remuneration because he 'dared do so.' In 1790 Anderson started a weekly paper in Edinburgh, called the 'Bee,' which, at its conclusion in 1794, filled eighteen volumes, containing many useful papers on economical and other topics. Some papers on the political progress of Great Britain induced government to begin a prosecution, which was dropped upon Anderson's declaring that he would be responsible. One, Callender, having charged Lord Gardenstone, a judge of sessions and an occasional contributor, with the authorship, Anderson announced that they were written by Callender himself. In 1797 Anderson moved to Isleworth, where he led a retired life, amusing himself with agricultural experiments. From 1799 to 1802 he published, in monthly parts, 'Recreations in Agriculture, Natural History, Arts, and Miscellaneous Literature,' which formed six volumes. His first wife died in 1788, and in 1801 he married a lady who survived him. He died 15 Oct. 1808.

Anderson is said to have done much for Scotch agriculture. He is specially noticeable as having published in 1777 a pamphlet called 'An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn Laws, with a view to the Corn Bill proposed for Scotland,' which contains a complete statement of the theory of rent generally called after Ricardo. The passage is given in M'Culloch's 'Literature of Political Economy.' The same theory is expounded in the Recreations,' v. 401-28 (see M'Culloch's edition of Adam Smith). He is the author of many tracts: his first publication was 'Essays on Planting,' in Ruddiman's 'Edinburgh Weekly Magazine,' 1771; others are 'Observations on the Means of exciting a Spirit of National Industry,' 1777; 'An Account of the present State of the

Hebrides,' &c., 1785; Observations on Slavery,' 1789; 'A General View of the Agriculture and Rural Economy of the County of Aberdeen,' 1794; 'On an Universal Character,' 1795. A full list of his works is given in Anderson's 'Scottish Nation.'

[Gent. Mag. lxxviii. 1051-4; Bentham's Works, x. 127, 254, 258.]

ANDERSON, JAMES, M.D. (d. 1809), botanist, was physician-general of the East India Company at Madras. It appears from Dodwell and Milne's list of medical officers in India that James Anderson was assistantsurgeon in 1765, surgeon in 1786, member of the medical board in 1800, and died 5 Aug. 1809. Anderson gave an account in a series of letters to Sir Joseph Banks (published at Madras 1781) of an insect resembling the cochineal, which he had discovered in Madras. Gardens, superintended by Anderson, were cultivated for these insects, and when the die obtained from them did not answer, other insects were introduced from Brazil. Anderson afterwards attempted to introduce the cultivation of silk into Madras, and paid attention to other plants of commercial value, such as the sugar-cane, coffee plant, American cotton, and European apple. He published several series of letters upon these topics at Madras in 1789-96. He also published a paper on the minerals of Coromandel in the Phoenix,' 1797; and A Journal of the Establishment of Napal and Tuna for the Prevention or Cure of Scurvy,' &c., Madras, 1808.

[Royle's Essay on Productive Resources of India, pp. 57-63, 137, 142, &c.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

ANDERSON, JAMES (1760-1835), captain in the navy, having served through the war of American independence as a midshipman, and through the first French revolutionary war as a lieutenant, was, in 1806, made a commander, and employed for several years in command of the Rinaldo brig against the enemy's privateers in the Channel. He was advanced to the rank of post-captain in 1812, and in August 1814 was appointed to the Zealous, of 74 guns, and sent out with stores to Quebec, where he was ordered to winter. The ship was old and rotten, very badly manned, and inadequately equipped; and Captain Anderson, judging that it was impossible to stay at Quebec without sacrificing the ship, returned to England; on the charge of this action being contrary to his orders, he was tried by court martial, and acquitted of all blame. Lord Melville, then first lord of the admiralty, was extremely dissatisfied at this decision, and

said to Anderson: 'If Canada fall, it will be entirely owing to your not wintering the Zealous at Quebec;' to which Anderson replied: "I rather think it will be in consequence of proper supplies, in proper ships, not having been sent out there at a proper season of the year.' The fact seems to be that Lord Melville had meant to sacrifice the Zealous, in order to have a ready excuse for any disaster that might happen in Canada, and was annoyed that his subterfuge had been destroyed by her captain's promptitude and resolution. The difference of opinion with the first lord of the admiralty, combined with the reduction of the navy at the peace, deprived Anderson of any further service. He employed his leisure in scientific and literary pursuits, and is said to have contributed several articles to different magazines. The only one which bears his name is 'Some Observations on the Peculiarity of the Tides between Fairleigh and Dungeness,' in the Philosophical Transactions' for 1819, p. 217. He died 30 Dec. 1835.

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Royal Naval Biography, supplement, part iii. [Ralfe's Naval Biography, iv. 323; Marshall's (vol. vii.) 15; Gent. Mag., 1836, i. 211.]

J. K. L.

ANDERSON, SIR JAMES CALEB (1792-1861), inventor, was the eldest son of John Anderson, the founder of Fermoy [q. v.], by his second wife, Elizabeth, only daughter of Mr. James Semple, of Waterford. He was born 21 July 1792, and was created a baronet 22 March 1813, as a mark of approbation, on the part of the government, of the great public services rendered to Ireland by his father. Sir James was a celebrated experimentalist in steam-coaching, and took out various patents for his inventions. He lodged specifications in 1831 for 'improvements in machinery for propelling vessels on water,' in 1837 for improvements in locomotive engines,' and in 1846 for certain improvements in obtaining motive power, and in applying it to propel carriages and vessels, and to the driving of machinery.' He died in London 4 April 1861. By his marriage, in 1815, with Caroline, fourth daughter of Mr. Robert Shaw, of Dublin, he had two sons (both of whom died unmarried) and six daughters. As he left no male issue, the baronetcy be came extinct.

Queries, 3rd series, vii. 153; Gent. Mag. cex. [Patents, 6147, 7407, 11273; Notes and 588.]

T. C.

ANDERSON, JOHN (1668 ?-1721), theologian and controversialist, was tutor to the celebrated John, duke of Argyll

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