we have found that such processes as attention and imitation pass through instinctive and intelligent stages which are the precursors of the ideational stage, where they reach a higher expression as deliberately conscious acts. In the young bird that instinctively pecks at some small, perhaps moving, thing, which forms the starting point of a piece of responsive behaviour, we have attention in the germ. When experience has caused the thing to acquire meaning, attention passes into a succeeding intelligent phase; but only when we desire to explain this meaning, and attention thus has a deliberate purpose, do we find it entering upon its higher ideational career. So, too, as we have seen, imitation is at first a specialized form of instinctive behaviour, where the response is seen to resemble that which stimulates it. Later it becomes intelligent when the repetition of the imitative behaviour is due to the satisfaction it introduces into the conscious situation. Then, at last, it reaches the ideational stage, where reflection gives rise to an ideal, which is to be realized in conduct. The imitation by the child of its older companions is at first probably intelligent; but when the child begins to consider why it imitates these and not those among its companions, he is passing to the ideal stage, and imitation becomes the sincerest form of heroworship. The boy who merely imitates his elder brothers playing at soldiers because he gets satisfaction from so doing, becomes the subaltern who has his ideal soldier, and will face death firmly rather than fall below his conception of how such a soldier should behave. We need not again attempt to indicate how among animals we have the perceptual precursors of the aesthetic and ethical concepts. But we may remind the reader that we endeavoured to show that intercommunication had its foundation in instinctive sounds; and that it passed into the intelligent stage in the perceptual life, when these sounds acquired meaning, and hence became guides to behaviour. This is especially instructive from our present standpoint, since it is probable that the passage of communication from the indicating to the descriptive stage afforded the conditions under which rational thought was evolved. For such thought it is essential that attention should be focussed on the relationships of things. And no description is possible without making distinctly present to consciousness these relationships, in time and space, the data for which are abundantly present in the perceptual life, though lurking in the background, and needing something to fix them and to aid consciousness in distinguishing them. clearly. In descriptive communication parts of speech, or their initial equivalents, afford fixation points for these relationships, and serve to render them distinct. If the reader will try to describe even the simplest occurrence without introducing the symbols for the relations which the events bear to each other, his failure will serve to bring home how essential a feature this is. In social communication, then, we probably have the key to the passage from perceptual to ideational process; and in this passage description is the antecedent of, and affords the conditions to, explanation. Words, moreover, as we have already said, form the pegs upon which we can hang up, for ready reference, the products of abstraction and generalization, or, to modify the analogy, they form the bodies of which these products are the rational soul. If we are ever to trace the passage from the instinctive through the indicating stage of communication, and so onwards through the beginnings of description to its higher levels, and thus to the use of language as a medium of explanation, it must be through child-study. In every normal human child the passage does actually take place, though, no doubt, in a condensed and abbreviated form as an epitomized recapitulation in individual development, of the steps of evolutional progress. Thus we may obtain a key to the solution of one of the most difficult problems in evolution by continuous process-that of the transition from animal behaviour to human conduct. A INDEX Abstract and general idons, 57 Acquirod instincts (Wundt), 60, Acquisition defined, 36; ultimatoly Adaptation defined, 37 Afferent and efferent impulses, 32, Aid, mutual, among animals, 227 Amaba, 296 Antlers of deer, 15 Ants, behaviour of, 123; inter- Appreciation, gorms of, 273 AVEBURY, Lord, on ants, 198; on B BALDWIN, Prof. Mark, on organic Beetle soliciting food from ant, 213 BINET, M., on infusoria, 6 Birch-weevil, leafcase of, 121 Bison, behaviour of the, 226 BLOOKMANN, Dr., on componotus, BOLTON on goldfinches' nests, 136 BUCKMAN, Mr. S. S., on speech of BUDGETT, Mr. John S., on nest- Bullfinch, nest of, 135 338 с CAMERON, Mr., on mimetic insects in ants' nest, 212 Canaries' nest, building of, 135 Capuchin monkey, imitation in, CARPENTER, W. B., on water-beetle, 299 Catasetum, fertilization of, 29 Chalicodoma, parasitics of, 78; 337 Choice, apparent in Paramecia, 9; in the pairing situation, 266 Coalescence in conscious situation, Coincident variations defined, 37; Companion as centre of special Componotus, communities of, 210 Condensation of experience, 162 Conduct implies motivo, 60; and Congenital responses, 41 Conscious accompaniments of cer- Consentience, 53, 62 Consonance of biological and Constancy of environment leads to Control, the sign of effective con- Co-ordinated acts,69, 100; inherited, Corporate behaviour, 14 Crayfish, roflox notion in, 298 Criteria of effective consciousness, Cuckoo, instinct of nestling, 90 Emotions, and feelings, 235 ff.; ESPINAS, Prof., on social life of Evolution of organic behaviour, 35; Experience, of value for future guidance, 41; is it inherited? Explosive nature of cell, 21 F FABRE on behaviour of Sphex, 77, 129 Faculty, instinctive, 64 Fear in birds not inherited in Ferns, fertilization of, 24 Flight, instinctive, 86 Frog, reflex action in, 33, 299, 300 G GARNER, Mr. R. L., “The Speech Generic image, 162; situations, 163 328 GOULD, Dr., on humming-birds, 273 Н Habits and habitual acte, 107, 177 152 HANCOCK, Dr. John, on cuckoo, 92 |