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UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.

CAMBRIDGE.-The following examiners have been appointed: Natural Sciences Tripos: Physics, Prof. Carey Foster and W. N. Shaw; Chemistry, Prof. W. A. Tilden and Prof. Liveing; Mineralogy, Prof. Lewis and L. Fletcher; Geology, Prof. Green and W. W. Watts; Botany, F. Darwin and D. H. Scott; Zoology, Prof. Lankester and S. F. Harmer; Human Anatomy, Drs. Hill and Windle; Physiology, Prof. Stirling and C. S. Sherrington.

First M.B. and Special B.A.: in Elementary Physics, S. L. Hart and H. F. Newall; Elementary Chemistry, F. H. Neville and S. Ruhemann; Elementary Biology, S. F. Harmer and Prof. H. M. Ward; Special B. A. in Geology, Prof. Green and W. W. Watts; in Pharmaceutical Chemistry for Second M. B., M. M. Pattison Muir and H. Robinson,

The following are Moderators (Mathematical Tripos) for the year beginning May 1, 1890:-W. W. K. Ball and A. J. Wallis. Examiners in Part I., W. L. Mollison and E. G. Gallop; in Part II., Prof. Darwin, J. Larmor, and R. Lachlan.

W. B. Hardy, of Gonville and Caius College, has been appointed funior Demonstrator of Physiology.

L. R. Wilberforce, M.A., of Trinity College, is approved as a Teacher of Physics for M. B. lectures.

There has been a serious discussion of the financial manage ment and prospects of the mechanical workshops at Cambridge. Whatever be the merits of the points in dispute, such division of opinion and feeling is very unfortunate, and much to be deplored in the interests of mechanical science and engineering in the University. It was unfortunate that the University declined to establish an advanced examination or Tripos in engineering subjects; and it is calamitous that the Museums work should not be given to the Department located within their own borders. We trust a cordial understanding may soon be re-established; for this division is very unlike the strong action by which, even when opinions have been divided, scientific teaching has steadily progressed of late years at Cambridge.

The managers of the John Lucas Walker Fund, have made the following grants in aid of original research in pathology :£14 25. 3. to J. G. Adami, Demonstrator of Pathology, for expenses of his investigations on the pathology of the heart; £35 to William Hunter, M.D. Edin., John Lucas Walker Student, to defray expenses incurred in his research on the pathology of the blood; £30 to E. Hanbury Hankin, to defray expenses of his research on the nature of immunity from infectious diseases. Mr. J. W. Clark has been re-elected President of the Philosophical Society.

Sr. JOHN'S COLLEGE.-At the annual election of Fellows, on Nov. 4, the choice of the Council fell upon the following members of the College: John Parker, Seventh Wrangler, 1882, well known as the author of numerous papers, in the Philosophical Magazine and elsewhere, on thermodynamics and electricity; Humphry Davy Rolleston, First Class Natural Sciences Tripos (Human Anatomy and Physiology), 1886, who has been University Demonstrator in Pathology, in Human Anatomy, and in Physiology, author of memoirs on endocardiac pressure and on other anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological subjects, now one of the Assistant Demonstrators of Anatomy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Alfred William Flux, bracketed Senior Wrangler, 1887, and First Class (Division 1) Mathematical Tripos, Part II., 1888, Marshall Prrizeman in Political Economy, 1889, author of papers on physical optics. Mr. Kolleston is the son of the late Prof. Rolleston, of Oxford. The success of students of physical and biological science at this College is striking.

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

PARIS.

Academy of Sciences, October 28.-M. Des Cloizeaux, President, in the chair.-M. Bertrand presented a volume entitled "Lectures on the Mathematical Theory of Electricity, delivered at the College of France.”—On some hybrids observed recently in Provence, by M. G. De Saporta. Three are described: (1) between Pinus halepensis, Mill., and P. pinaster, L; (2) between Quercus Mirbeckii and Q. pubescens, Wild. ; (3) between Tilia platyphylla, Scop., and T. argentea, Desf. ; in each case, the pollen of a preponderating species acting on that of a subordinate one, or one accidentally introduced, being

carried by wind or insects, while the agency of man, birds, or wind, disseminated the hybrid seeds.-On the relation of certain magnetic perturbations to earthquakes, by M. Mascart. The former, in the Park of St. Maur, and the latter, at Gallipoli, seem to have occurred simultaneously at 11.35 p.m. on October 25. The suspended copper bar was not in the least deflected, and the magnetic disturbance cannot be attributed to mechanical transmission of the shock.-On certain harmonic linear elements, by M. Raffy.-On a formula connecting vapour-pressure with temperature, by M. N. de Saloff.-On the equilibrium of distribution between chorine and oxygen, by M. H. Le Chatelier. He shows that the value of all the coefficients may be calculated a priori, and supplies the required formulæ.-On some double nitrites of ruthenium and potassium, by MM. A. Joly and M. Vezes. In contact with alkaline nitrites, the brown sesquichloride of ruthenium is transformed into a red salt. According to the temperature, and according as the nitrite or the red chloride predominate, a deposit is formed either of yellow crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in cold water, or of large, very soluble orange-red crystals. These two substances are double nitrites of potassium and ruthenium. The formulæ obtained do not at all agree with those for similar Fixation of nitrogen by compounds obtained by Claus. the Leguminosa, by M. Bréal. Having before found that nodosities full of Bacteria could be easily produced cn the roots of a leguminous plant, by pricking with a needle previously inserted in a nodosity, he here shows that such plants, with nodosities, flourish on soil poor in azotized matter; yielding crops rich in nitrogen, and fixing this element in the soil by their roots. -On air in the soil, by M. Th. Schloesing, fils. Ploughed land was found to contain a relatively large amount of oxygen at least to the depth of 50 or 60 cm. The carbonic acid generally increased with the depth; but in two cases the reverse occurred, when high wind (renovating the upper layer) had been followed by hot and calm weather, and more CO, was generated in the soil than in the sub-soil. In sloping pastures, mcst CO, was found at the bottom. The mobility of air in the soil should be taken into account.-On sorbite, by MM Vincent and Delachanal. This substance very frequently occurs in nature; it is found in all fruits of Rosacea, and is especially abundant in ears (8 grammes per kilogramme), cherries and prunes (7 grammes). Acted cn by hydricdic acid it yields B-hexylene and other products (the same as are thus obtained from mannite). The formation of a hexacetyl derivative from sorbite proves that it is a hexatomic alcohol. The formula of anhydrous sorbite is CH(OH),.- Researches on crystallized digitaline, by M. Arnaud. He regards it as a definite chemical species; and it appears to be the type of a whole series, including tanghinine (one of the active principles of the tanguin. - Experimental researches on the metamorphosis of Anoura, by M. E. Bataillon. He finds acceleration of the rhythm of respiration (65 to 120), and retardation of that of the heart (70 to 45) during metamorphosis. Before appearance of the fore-legs, the two movements were nearly synchronous. At the stage of this appearance, further, the production of carbonic acid was found to have diminished considerably, and the curve rose suddenly when aerial respiration was established. On the earthquake of July 28, 1889, in the island of Kiushiu, in Japan, by M. J. Wada. This was preceded by exceptional rains during July. The longer axis of the ellipse of land affected was north-east to south-west, and cut in the middle, at right argles, the line joining two volcanoes, Ico kilometres apart.

BERLIN.

Physiological Society, October 18.-Prof. du Bois-Reymond, President, in the chair.-Prof. Kossel spoke on the application of the microscope in connection with physiological chemistry, It has long been the practice to seek for and identify any minute crystals in tissues which occur either naturally or as the result of treatment with reagents, in order to arrive at a qualitative determination of the localized distribution of certain well-known substances in the organism. To identify a crystal by measurement of its angles is a laborious process, and to determine it by mere comparison of its appearance with drawings of known crystals is insufficient. The optical properties of crystals are extremely well adapted to assist in their identification; this is exemplified in the case of determining the plane of vibration of the ordinary and extraordinary rays when crystals are examined between crossed Nicols. To carry out the determination by this means, the field of view of the microscope is provided with cross-wires,

whose directions are parallel to the principal planes of the two Nicols. The crystal under examination is then placed with one edge under one of the cross-wires; if the field of vision remains dark, then the planes of vibration in the crystal are known to correspond to the chief planes of the two Nicols. If, however, the field of vision becomes bright the crystal must be rotated, by means of a graduated object-carrier until it is again dark. The angle through which the carrier has been rotated is a measure of the angular inclination of the planes of vibration to the edges of the crystal. When convergent polarized light is used, the majority of crystals of organic substances, which are mostly biaxial, exhibit a lemniscate whose poles are at varying distances apart for various crystals. The distance between the poles of the lemniscate may be measured by suitable methods, is extremely characteristic for those crystals of greatest physiological importance, and may be used, in conjunction with the measurement of the planes of vibration, as a very certain means of determining the crystal. The pleochromatism of many crystals is itself in many cases sufficiently characteristic.-Dr. Virchow described the distribution of blood-vessels in the eye of Selachians, and the several types according to which the vessels are developed in the eyes of various classes of animals.-Dr. Benda made a communication to the effect that the coiled glands which are so widely distributed as sweat-glands in the skin when they exhibit an enlarged secretory part, and a more complicated structure, are known as cerumenous and as mammary glands. They are characterized specially by the fact that during secretion there is no destruction of their epithelium. These modifications of the typical coiled glands have been found by Dr. Benda in large numbers and widely spread in the skin of Protopterus.-Dr. Schneider spoke on the distribution and significance of iron in the animal organism. He was able to find iron in greater or less quantity in the cell protoplasm and nucleus of all classes of animals, the liver and spleen being the organs in which its occurrence was most marked. The connective tissues were very rich in iron, and it was found with similar constancy in the cuticular layers and quite constantly in the extreme tips of fishes' teeth. The more he extended his investigations over the most widely differing classes of animals, whether on land, or in fresh-water, or in the sea, and the more widely different were the organs he examined, by so much the more was it seen that iron is universally present in the animal organism. Its importance is pre-eminently physiological.

AMSTERDAM.

Roy 1 Academy of Sciences, September 28.-Prof. van der Staals in the chair.-M. Suringar dealt with the Melocacti of Aruba, stating what he had himself observed concerning the development of those plants from seed and their subsequent growth. He spoke also of the manner in which the Melocacti might be classified according to their natural affinities, and sketched a pedigree of the species.-M. Schoute spoke of tetrahedra, bounded by similar triangles, and described a new species with pairs of opposite edges I and 3, r and r, r2 and r2.

STOCKHOLM.

Royal Academy of Sciences, October 9.-Musci Asia Borealis (second part): feather mosses, by the late Prof. S. O. Lindberg, of Helsingfors, and Dr. H. W. Arnell.—On the permanent committee for a photographic map of the heavens and its work, by one of its members, Prof. Dunér.-On the Metre Congress in Paris, September 14-28, this year, and on the prototypes of the metre and the kilogramme, by Prof. Thalen.Emanuel Swedenborg as a mathematician, by Dr. G. Eneström. -On naphtoë acids, by Dr. A. G. Ekstrand.-Chemical investigation of some minerals from the neighbourhood of Langesund, by Herr H. Bäckström.-An attempt to determine the velocity of light from observations on variable stars, by Dr. C. Charlier.

DIARY OF SOCIETIES. LONDON.

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 7.

LINNEAN SOCIETY, at 8.-On a Collection of Dried Plants chiefly from the Southern Shan States, Upper Burma: Colonel H. Collett and W. Botting Hemsley, F.R.S.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-The Isolation of a New Hydrate of Sulphuric Acid existing in Solution: S. U. Pickering.-Further Observations on the Magnetic Rotation of Nitric Acid, of Hydrogen Chloride, Bromide and Iodide in Solution: Dr. W. H. Perkin, F.R S.-On Phosphoryl Trifluoride T. E. Thorpe, F. R.S., and F. T. Hambly-On the Acetyla. tion of Cellulose: C. F. Cross and E. Bevan.-On the Action of Light on Moist Oxygen: A. Richardson.-Anhydracetophenone benzil and the Constitution of Linius lepideus: Drs. Japp, F. R.S., and Klingsman.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 8

ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, at 8.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11.

ROVAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, at 8.30-Cyprus: Lieut-General ye Robert Biddulph, G.C.M.G.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, at 8.30.-Observations on the Nati Colour of the Skin in certain Oriental Races: Dr. J. Bed loe, F.R.SManners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes: Rev. James Macdonald.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, at 8.-Inaugural Address of Sir Joh. Coode, K.C M.G, President, and Presentation of Medals, Premus, and Prizes awarded during Last Session.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 13.

ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, at 8.

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14. MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-Isoscelian Hexagrams: R. Tucker. — Euler's p-Function: H. F. Baker.

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 15. PHYSICAL SOCIETY, at 5.- On the Electrification due to the Contact of Gases and Liquids: J. Enright. On the Effect of Repeated Heating 32 Cooling on the E ectrical Resistance and Temperature Coefficient f Annealed Iron: H. Tomlinson, F.R.S.-Notes on Geometrical Opnes, Part II.: Prof. S. P. Thompson. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, at 7.30.-The New Harbour an Breakwater at Boulogne-sur-Mer : S. C. Bailey

BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, and SERIALS RECEIVED, A Popular Treatise on the Winds : W. Ferrel (Macmillan).-South African Butterflies; vol. iii., Papilionide and Hesperida: R. Trimen and J. H. Bowker (Trübner)-Light, 2nd edition: P. G. Tait (Edinburgh, BlackThe Vertebrate Animals of Leicestershire and Rutland: M. Browne (Birmingham, M. E. C.)-Sitzungsberichte der k. b Gesellschaft der Wienschaften Math.-Naturw. Classe, 1889. i. (Prag).-Outlines of a Cure of Lectures on Human Physiology: E. A. Parkyn (Allman). -Flower-Lan! R. Fisher (Bemrose).-Potential and its Application to the Explanation of Electrical Phenomena: R. Tumlirz, translated by D. Robertson (Rivingtons).-Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Officz, United States Army, vol. x. (Washington).-The Birds of Berwickshire, vol i. G. Muirhead (Edinburgh, Douglas),-Idylls of the Field; F. A. Kright (E. Stock).-Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matema tische, serie seconda, vol. iii. (Napoli)-Ferneries and Aquaria: G. Egzett (Dean). -Traité Encyclopédique de Photograph e, 15 Octr. (Paris).

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Benedikt and Knecht: "The Chemistry of the Coal-
Tar Colours.".

Gore: "A Bibliography of Geodesy"

Letters to the Editor:

The Method of Quarter-Squares.-J. W. L. Glaisher,
F.R.S..

Darwinism.-Prof. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S.

Record of British Earthquakes.-Charles Davison .
Effects of Lightning.-W. G. S.

Electrical Cloud Phenomena.-Prof. W. K. Burton
The Use of the Word Antiparallel. (With Diagrams.)
-W. J. James

Fossil Rhizocarps.-Sir J. Wm. Dawson, F.R.S.
Specific Inductive Capacity.-W. A. Rudge

Who discovered the Teeth in Ornithorhynchus ?-Dr.
C. Hart Merriam.

On the Hardening and Tempering of Steel. (Illus
trated.) By Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen, F. R.S.
On a New Application of Photography to the Demon-
stration of Certain Physiological Processes in
Plants.

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THE BERMUDA ISLANDS;

A Contribution to the Physical History and Zoology of the Somers Archipelago.

With an Examination of the Structure of Coral Reefs. Researches undertaken under the Auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

BY ANGELO HEILPRIN,

Curator-in-Charge of, and Professor of Invertebrate Palæontology at, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Professor of Geology at the Geographical, and Geological Societies, &c.

y ROBERT PERCEVAL GRAVES, M.A., Wagner Free Institute of Science: Member of the American Philosophical,

Sub-Dean of the Chapel Royal, Dublin.

London; LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.

TWO NEW BOOKS ON BIRDS.

Demy 8vo, (50 pages, with an Etching by FRANK SHORT, 18s.

NOTES ON SPORT AND ORNITHOLOGY.

By His Imperial and Royal Highness

he late CROWN PRINCE RUDOLF of AUSTRIA.

Trans'ated, with the Author's permission, by C. G. DANFORD.
With a Preface by Dr. ALBERT GÜNTHER, F.R.S., &c.

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SECOND EDITION OF PART 1.

ALGEBRA.

1 Elementary Text book for the Higher Classes of Secondary Schools and for Colleges.

By G. CHRYSTAL, M.A., LL.D., Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh.

PART II. will be Published IN A FEW DAYS.
Edinburgh: ADAM & CHARLES BLACK.

EW EDITION OF PROF. TAIT'S "LIGHT."
Now Ready, Second Edition, Crown 8vo, Price 6s.

LIG H

GHT.

SECOND EDITION.

By P. G. TAIT, M.A.,

Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh.
Edinburgh: ADAM & CHARLES BLACK.

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With Additions by J. PLAYFAIR MCMURRICH, H. A. PILSBRY, George
MARX, P. R. UHLER, and C. H. BOLLMAN.
London: TRÜBNER & CO., Ludgate Hill.

JUST PUBLISHED.

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EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE: Elementary, Practical, and Experimental Physics.

By GEORGE M. HOPKINS.

The design of this work is to afford to the student, the mechanic, and all who are interested in science, a ready means of acquiring a general knowledge of physics by the experimental method, and also to furnish to the teacher suggestions in experimentation which will be helpful in making classroom work interesting and attractive. Most of the apparatus illustrated and described may be constructed and used by anyone having ordinary me. chanical skill. Simple and easily made devices have been chosen for physical demonstration. With scarcely an exception, the experiments described were performed at the time of writing, to insure fullness of detail, and to avoid inaccuracies.

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The EDINBURGH, May 31. 1889. DEAR SIR,-I have just returned from a six weeks' stay at the Ben Nevis Observatory, and while there had an opportunity of testing the admirable qualities of your new "Watkin" Aneroid. The result has been most satisfactory, the extreme error noted being only about the one-hundredth of an inch. During my stay at the Observatory the Aneroid was frequently tested by taking it down a couple of thousand feet and then

Observer, Scott. Met. Soc. à obtained speak volumes for the high-class workmanship and great accuracy you have attained in the R. C. MOSSMAN, F.R.M.S., manufacture of this instrument.

results it with the standard on my return.

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"OPTIMUS" SCORER.

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THE BREWERS' GUARDIAN:

A Fortnightly Paper devoted to the Protection of Brewers' Interests,
Licensing, Legal, and Parliamentary Matters.

REVIEW OF THE MALT AND HOP TRADES; AND WINE AND SPIRIT TRADE
RECORD.

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Published since 1864 in Hamburg, is the only independent professional ia Germany dedicated exclusively to Maritime Objects. Essays, Cri Reviews Reports, Advertisements. Strict eye kept upon the develo of Maritime Affairs in every respect. Every second Sunday one Na to at least; frequent supplements and drawings. Subscription at any preceding numbers of the year furnished subsequently. Price ras. for nonths. Advertisements 4d. a line widely spread by this paper; consi batement for 3, 6, 12 months' insertion. Business Office: Aug. Mey Dieckmann, Hamburg, Alterwall, 28. Edited by W. von FREEDY, Hamburg, Alexander Street, 8.

"The Brewers' Guardian" is published on the evening of every alternate Tuesday, and is the only journal officially connected with brewing interest: Subscription, 16s. 6d. per annum post free, dating from any quarter-day. Single copies 1s. each. Registered for transmission abroad.

MAKER:

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DURING THE LAST TWENTY YEARS THE

BEEN AMONG THE

Abbe, Prof. Cleveland (Washington).

Abel, Sir F. A., F.R.S.

Abercromby, Hon. Ralph.

Abney, Captain W. de W., F. R.S.

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Allman, Prof. George James, F. R.S.

Allman, Prof. George Johnstone, F. R.S.
Argyll, Duke of, F. R. S.
Armstrong, Lord, F. R.S.
Armstrong, Prof. H. E., F. R.S.
Ayrton, Prof. W. E., F.R.S.
Baker, J. G., F.R.S.

Baker, Sir Samuel W., F. R. S.
Balfour, Prof. Francis, F. R.S.
Balfour, Prof. I. B., F.R.S.
Balfour, Prof. J. H., F.R.S.

Ball, John, F.R.S.

Ball, Sir R. S., F. R. S.

Ball, V., F. R. S.

Bamber, E. F.

Barlow, W. H., F.R.S.

Barrett, Prof. W. F., F.R. S.
Bastian, Dr. H. C., F. R. S.
Bate, C. Spence, F. R.S.
Bates, H. W., F.R.S.
Bauermann, Hilary.

Beale, Dr. Lionel S., F. R. S.
Beard, Dr. J.

Beddard, F. E.
Beddoe, Dr. J., F.R.S.
Bedford, Dr. J.
Bedson, Prof. Philips.

Bell, Sir I. Lowthian, F. R. S.
Bennett, A. W.

Bentham, George, F. R. S.
Berkeley, Rev. M. J., F.R.S.
Bettany, G. T.

Bidwell, Shelford, F. R.S.
Black, William.

Blanford, H. F., F.R.S.

Blanford, Dr. W. T., F. R.S.

Bloxam, G. W.

Blyth, Dr. E.

Bonney, Prof. T. G., F.R.S.

Bottomley, J. T., F.R.S.

Boulenger, G. A.

Bowditch, Dr. H. P.

Bower, Prof. F. O.

Boys, C. V., F.R.S.

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CONTRIBUTORS

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TO NATURE":

Chisholm, H. W.

Christie, W. H. M., F.R.S.

Chrystal, Prof.

Church, Prof. A. H., F. R. S.

Clarke, C. B., F.R.S.

Clerke, Miss A. M.

Clifford, Prof. W. K., F.R.S.

Cockle, Sir J., F. R.S.

Common, A. A., F.R.S.

Cooke, Dr. M. C.
Corfield, Prof.
Courtney, W. L.

Creak, Staff-Commander, F. R. S.
Croll, Dr. J., F.R.S.
Crookes, W., F. R.S.
Cunningham, J. T.

D'Abbadie, A. (Paris).

Dallinger, Rev. Dr., F.R.S.

Dana, Prof. J. D. (Newhaven, Conn.).

Darwin, Charles, F.R.S.

Darwin, Prof. G. H., F.R.S.

Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F. R.S.

Dawson, Principal Sir J. W., F. R.S. (Montreal). Day, Dr. F.

De Chaumont, Dr.

De Fonvielle, W. (Paris).

De La Rue, Warren, F. R.S.

De Rance, C. E.

Denning, W. F.

Dewar, Prof. J., F.R.S.

Dickins, F. V.

Dittmar, Prof., F. R. S.

Dixon, Prof. H. B., F.R.S.

Dodgson, Rev. C. L.

Donnelly, General, C. B.

Douglass, Sir J. N., F.R.S.

Du Bois-Reymond, Prof. (Berlin).
Duncan, Dr. P. M., F.R.S.
Dupré, Dr. A., F. R.S.

Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, F. R.S.

Edgeworth, Prof. F. V.

Edwards, Prof. A. Mead (Boston, Mass.). Elgar, Prof. F.

Ellis, Wm.

Elwes, H. J.

Ericsson, Captain J. (New York). Ernst, Dr. A. (Cárácas).

Etheridge, R., F. R. S.

Evans, A. J.

Evans, Dr. John, F. R.S.

Evans, Dr. Sebastian.

Everett, Prof. J. D., F. R. S.
Ewart, Prof.

Ewing, Prof. J. A.,

F.R.S.

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