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He also sent out Paludicella Ehrenbergii, Philodina rosen Hydrodictyon utriculatum, Leptodora hyalina, Corethra, Floscularsa, Clarter lina elegans, Limnias ceratophylli, Melicerta ringens, Stephanoceros, Volva globator; also Ameba, Hydra, Vorticella, Crayfish, Dog fish, Amphic and other Specimens for Biological Laboratory work. Weekly announcements will be made in this place of Organisms T. B is supplying. Specimen Tube, One Shilling, post free. Twenty-six Tubes in Course of Six Months for Subscription of £x 14., or Twelve Tubes for 10s. 6d. Portfolio of Drawings, Eleven Parts, 13. each. JOHN J. GRIFFIN & SONS, LIMITED, MANUFACTURERS OF CHEMICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS. NOW READY, Illustrated Classified and Descriptive CATALOGUE of CHEMICAL APPARATUS, Royal 8vo, 113 pp., Illustrated with nearly 600 Woodcuts, 22 GARRICK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, F. H. BUTLER, M.A. Oxon., A.R.S. Mines, &c., 148 NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S. W., Near the British Natural History Museum. 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New Catalogues and Lists now ready, Free, of JAMES R. GREGORY, 88 CHARLOTTE STREET, FITZROY SQUARE, LONDON. Sale by Auction. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26. FINE COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES, &c. Mr. J. C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great Rooms, 38 King Street, Covent Garden, on TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26 at half-past 12 precisely, a Fine Series of Butterflies. collected by Mr. C. M. WOODFORD in the Solomon Islands, comprising Ornithoptera, Durvilliana, and many other Rare Species. Also, a small Collection of Rare Sikkim Butterflies, in papers, received direct from the Collector. Likewise, Butterflies, in papers, from Burmah, &c., &c. On View the Day prior from 2 till 5, and Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. Now Ready, Price 2s. 6d. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY FOR 1889, VOL. I., No. 2. Containing: Common-sense Philosophies, by Shadworth M. Hodgson; The Standpoint of Scholastic Philosophy, by M. H. Dziewicki; Philosophy of Revelation, by Rev. Dr. Lightfoot; Do Separate Psychological Functions require Separate Psychological Origins?, by B. Hollander; What takes place in Voluntary Action?, by J. S. Mann, P. Dophne, and Bernard Bosanquer: The Part played by Esthetics in the Growth of Modern Philosophy, by Bernard Bosanquet; Proclus and the Close of Greek Philosophy, by F. C. Conybeare; the Psychology of Sport and Play, by H. M. Ogilvie: The Nature of Force, by Profs. Bain, Dunstan, and Dr. G. Johnstone Stoney; &c, &c. WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London; and 20 South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. BRISTOL. NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, Specially compiled List of Electrical MADE WITH BOILING WATER. EPPS'S GRATEFUL-COMFORTING. COCOA MADE WITH BOILING MILK. WEAK AND DEFECTIVE SIGHT.SPECTACLES scientifically adapted to remedy impaired vision by Mr. ACKLAND, Surgeon, daily, at HornE AND THORNTHWAITE'S, Opticians to the Queen, 416 Strand, London. The weak-sighted should read Ackland's "Hints on Spectacles," 6d., post free. OSTEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS, MODELS, &c. -MOORE BROS., 49 Hardman Street, Liverpool. Price List, 'Three Stamps. EDWARD STANFORD'S PUBLICATIONS. Just Published, THIRD EDITION, Revised and Enlarged, STANFORD'S LONDON ATLAS UNIVERSAL OF GEOGRAPHY. QUARTO EDITION. Consisting of 46 Coloured Maps, carefully Drawn, and beautifully Engraved on Steel and Copper Plates. "We have already commented on the pains which appear to have been taken to work up the maps to the latest dates; we may add that they are excellent specimens of engraving and colouring, that the great difficulty of marking mountain ranges, &c., without obscuring the names, has been excellently surmounted, and that we have detected very few misprints. As what may be STANFORD'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. CHARTS of the CONSTELLATIONS, from the North Pole to between 35 and 40 Degrees of South Declination. By ARTHUR COTTAM, F.R.A.S. 36 Charts, each 30 by 22 inches, printed on Drawing Paper, and supplied in a Portfolio. Price £2 net per Set. After 200 Sets have been sold the price will be raised to £3 38. Early application is therefore recommended. With one exception (Hydra) each Constellation is shown complete on a single Chart. The Scale is one-third of an inch to a degree, and all the Double Stars in the Catalogues of the two Struves are shown. LETTERS on INFANTRY. By Prince KRAFT ZU HOHENLOHE_INGELFINGEN. Translated by By the SAME AUTHOR. LETTERS on CAVALRY. With 3 Folding Plates of Battles. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Price 6s. The above are uniform in size and style with the recently published "Letters on Artillery" from the same pen, and combined with that work form a very complete account of the operations of troops of the three arms in recent warfare, The NEW FAR WEST and the OLD FAR EAST. An Account of Recent Travel and Observation along the Line of the Canadian Pacific and Manitoba and North-Western Railway, thence to Japan, China, Ceylon, &c. By W. HENRY BARNEBY, Author of "Life and Labour in the Far, Far West." Demy 8vo, Cloth, with 3 Maps and 8 Page Illustrations. Price 125. Works by James Croll, LL.D., F.R.S. STELLAR EVOLUTION AND ITS RELATIONS TO GEOLOGICAL TIME. By JAMES CROLL, LL.D., F.R.S. Large Post 8vo, Cloth. Price 5s. "All men of science who pay due heed to the ultimate principles to which they are perforce brought in the course of their researches, will find this work deserving a thorough scrutiny. Mr. Croll has swept away a cloud which seemed at one time likely to obscure the general significance of evolution."-Chemical News. CLIMATE AND TIME IN THEIR DISCUSSIONS ON CLIMATE AND 24. TURKESTAN, WEST. 25. TURKESTAN, EAST. 26. CHINA. 27. JAPAN. 28. INDIA, NORTH. 29. INDIA SOUTH, 30. CEYLON. 31. EAST INDIES, 32. HOLY LAND, 33. AFRICA. 34. EGYPT 35. SOUTH AFRICA. 36. NORTH AMERICA. 37. DOMINION of CANADA. called a medium atlas for general use, something between the cheap bu meagre school collections and the elaborate but rather costly and une library atlases, the 'London Atlas deserves hearty recommenda in Saturday Review, on the First Edition. STANFORD'S AFRICAN LIST. STANFORD'SLIBRARYMAP of AFRICA New Edition, Revised, and Reduced in Price. This Map embodie STANFORD'S MAP of the TRANSVAAL A Continuation of the above Map, Uniform in Scale and Price. STANLEY'S ROUTE to EMIN PASHA -STANFORD'S NEW LONDON ATLAS of CENTRAL AFRICA, showing the Line of March taken by Stanley's Expedition, Enun Pashas Province, and the Coast-Line on both Sides of the Continent, Size, inches by 22; Scale, 94 miles to inch. Price, Sheet, 35.; per Post. packed on Roller, 38. 6d.; Case, 58.; per Post, 58. 3d. MAP of SOUTH AFRICA. JUTA'S T SOUTH AFRICA from CAPE COLONY to the ZAMBESI. Neu Priz AFRICA. STANFORD'SCOMPENDIUM of GEOGRAPHY and TRAVEL. By the late KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.G.S., Leader of the Royal Geographical Society's East Africar Expe dition. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected by E. G. RAVENSTE F.R.G.S. With Ethnological Appendix by A. H. KEANE, M.AI Lar Post 8vo, Cloth Gilt, with 16 Maps and Diagrams, and 08 Illustration Price 215. This book is the only one published giving as full a résumé as possible 600 pages of all the known facts regarding the vast Continent of Africa I will now be found especially valuable for reference as to Egypt, the Saem. the Congo, and South Africa. London: EDWARD STANFORD, 26 and 27 Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, S.W. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1889. ROCK METAMORPHISM. Chemical and Physical Studies in the Metamorphism of Rocks, based on the Thesis written for the D.Sc. Degree in the University of London, 1888. By the Rev. A. Irving, D.Sc. Lond., B.A., F.G.S. (London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 1889.) D R. IRVING is well known as a writer on Bagshot beds. He appears in a new light as the propounder of theories dealing with the metamorphism of rocks. His ideas on this subject are classified under three heads: paramorphism, metatropy, and metataxis. Paramorphism, according to the author, includes those changes within in the rock-mass, involving changes in the chemical composition of the original minerals and the formation of new minerals; metatropy denotes changes in the physical character of rock-masses; and metataxis, nechanical changes, such as the development of cleavage. Changes brought about by the introduction of a new, or the removal of an old mineral (e.g. dolomitization) are treated under the head of hyperphoric change. The author writes, he tells us, for those who are willing to look at geological phenomena "in the light of physical and chemical ideas." To all others his dissertation must read rather like romance than sober science." He is not far wrong when he complains that the chemical side of geology has been neglected since the time of Bischof. The reason for this is to be found in the fact that geologists have been too busily engaged in reaping golden harvests in the demesnes of palæontology and stratigraphy to be much tempted by the allurements of chemical geology. With the resuscitation of petrology, however, the chemical constitution of rocks begins again to present problems of great interest and importance. But the author turns his chemical knowledge to bad account, we think, in applying it to the elaboration of sweeping generalizations. The views he puts forward may or may not be founded on sound chemical and physical axioms; but mere test-tube reactions will not suffice to explain the operations of Nature in the vast laboratory of the universe. The phenomena of metamorphism represent the net result of numerous and often antagonistic forces; and are not always simple reactions that may be expressed by a neat chemical equation. Dr. Irving appears to be highly gifted with what he terms a "scientific imagination," the meteoric flights of which carry him far above the solid ground of fact or even justifiable theory. An instance of this faculty of the author's will be found on p. 66, where he seeks to explain the origin of foliation in Archæan rocks by the influence of "solar and lunar tides upon the non-consolidated magma in the Archæan and pre-Archæan (sic) stages of the earth's evolution." He proceeds : "In such an unequally viscous mass there would be tension, contortion, and shearing to any extent during the tidal pulsations which the magma was suffering. Portions already solidified, or nearly so, by segregation or otherwise, as time went on, would by their vis inertiæ present obstacles around which a fluxion structure would develop itself in the contiguous portions of the yielding magma, giving us perhaps in some cases 'Augengneiss. engneiss. The local tension of parts of the viscous lithosphere, VOL. XLI-NO. 1047. especially near the crests of the waves, would imply stretching and consequent lowering of temperature, a circumstance favourable to local solidification. Who shall say that in the later and feebler struggles of this kind, as secular cooling went on, and the magma approached nearer and nearer to the conditions required for consolidation, some of these tidal waves may not have become in situ sufficiently rigid to outline some of the earliest lines of elevation?" This is speculative enough in all conscience. On p. 29, the author discusses the influence of the salts dissolved in sea-water on submarine lava-flows, and suggests that serpentinization and the conversion of orthoclase into albite are the result of some process of "submarine paramorphism" effected by this agency. This, again, is pure hypothesis, there being no facts to support such a view. There is a flavour of pedantry in the use of such expressions as "burnt hydrogen" for water (p. 64), or in such sentences as "orthoclase is probably the embryonic silicate of the terrestrial lithosphere" (p. 67). As the old lady is said to have remarked of the word Mesopotamia, there is something especially comforting and satisfying about this last sentence. The pages bristle with "hard words," some of which are new to science. "Vitreosity" has an uncanny sound; " apophytic" is curious; and " dehydrodevitrification" is as inelegant as it is long. Indeed, so technical is the author's language that a clear understanding of his meaning involves constant reference to his definitions. Unfortunately such reference is rendered impracticable by the absence of an index. The book bears witness to Dr. Irving's extensive acquaintance with foreign chemical and geological literature; references to foreign sources being abundant, sometimes superfluous. Indeed, there is more evidence of the author's acquaintance with literature than with facts derived from original observation. Good ideas may here and there be picked out; and the work no doubt contains some plausible explanations of geological phenomena; but of this we are assured, that the science of geology will not be advanced by those who spend their time in manufacturing wide-reaching generalizations or attractive theories in the library, but rather by those who are content to labour, with the hammer in the field, the microscope in the cabinet, and the balance in the laboratory at the ofttimes wearisome task of unravelling details. This book may be placed in the same category as Sterry Hunt's "Chemical and Geological Essays." Such books can be recommended to those with a taste for speculation and rumination. To others they may be productive of mental confusion and headache. HAND-BOOK OF DESCRIPTIVE AND Hand-book of Descriptive and Practical Astronomy. By G. F. Chambers, F.R.A.S. Part I. The Sun, Planets, and Comets. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889.) HE avowed aim of the author of this work, since the THpublication of the first edition in 1861, has been to keep its pages up to date to make it a sort of vade mecum to astronomers; and, regarded as a book en D |