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MERCHANT VENTURERS' SCHOOL, LIVING SPECIMENS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

BRISTOL.

The HEAD-MASTERSHIP of this School of Science, Art, Technology, and Commerce will become VACANT after the Examinations in MAY 1890.

The School works in connection with the Department of Science and Art, and the Head-Master must be qualified to teach, and superintend teaching, under the conditions laid down by that Department.

He will be required to devote his whole time to the work of the School, and to be responsible personally for the Chemical Branch of it, which has large and well-appointed Laboratories.

There are upwards of 1300 Students now in attendance.
Evening Classes form an important part of the School.

Applications for the Head-Mastership must be sent in to the underwritten address before JANUARY 31, 1890, and may be accompanied by Copies of not more than Five Testimonials.

Applications from Candidates who cannot show that they have had experience in teaching and in organizing Schools, and in the modes of scientific and technical education, or from Candidates above the age of Thirty-five, will not be considered.

The Salary, made up partly of a fixed payment, partly of Capitation Fees, and partly of a share of Grants on results of examinations, will be guaranteed at not less than £500 a year

Further information may be obtained from GEORGE H. POPE, Merchants' Hall, Bristol.

CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON

INSTITUTE.

TECHNICAL COLLEGE, FINSBURY, LEONARD STREET, CITY ROAD, E.C. SESSION 1889-90.

A COURSE OF TWELVE LECTURES ON COAL TAR

PRODUCTS

Will be delivered by

Prof. R. MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.I.C., F.C.S.,

Commencing on THURSDAY, JANUARY 16, 1890, and being continued on successive Thursdays. The Lectures will commence at 7.30 p.m.

Fee for the Course, 6s. Apprentices under 20 years of age admitted at Half Fees.

The Syllabus of the Course may be obtained at the Technical College, Finsbury, or at the Office of the Institute, Gresham College, E.C.

SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, Principal.
JOHN WATNEY,

WALTER S. PRIDEAUX, Hon. Secretaries.

CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

CENTRAL INSTITUTION.

COURSE OF LECTURES ON ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY, By Prof. W. E. AYRTON, F.R.S.

The Course for the Spring Term includes Lectures on Accumulators, Electric Lamps, Arc and Incandescent.

Transformers, Direct and Alternate Current, Electric Traction, Telpherage, Distribution of Energy electrically.

Fee, 1 Guineas per Term, or 3 Guineas per Session.

The Lectures will be given on MONDAYS and WEDNESDAYS from 4 to 5 o'clock, beginning on JANUARY 15.

Particulars and tickets for the Course may be obtained on application to the Dean, Central Institution, Exhibition Road, S. W.

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GOLD MEDAL awarded at the FISHERIES EXHIBITION to THOMAS BOLTON, 83 CAmden Street, BIRMINGHAM, Who last week sent to his subscribers Volvox globator, with sket description. He also sent out Trout Ova. Philodina roseola, Flos Corethra plumicornis, Limnias ceratophylli, Melicerta ringens. Str -ceros, Argulus foliaceus; also Amba, Hydra, Vorticella, Craytish Dug Fish, Amphioxus, and other Specimens for Biological Laboratory work Weekly Announcements will be made in this place of organisms TD is supplying.

Specimen Tube, One Shilling, post free. Twenty-six Tubes in Course of Six Months for Subscription of £: 11, or Twelve Tubes for 10s. 6d.

Portfolio of Drawings, Eleven Parts, 1s. each.

GEORGE HERIOT'S TRUST. HERIOT-WATT COLLEGE,

EDINBURGH.

PROFESSORSHIP OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING.

The Governors having resolved to appoint a Professor of Physics Electrical Engineering, will be glad to receive applications from Candigit for the appointment. Written Applications, accompanied by a Coprs Testimonials, should be sent to the TREASURER of George Heriot's Trust a or before JANUARY 20, 1890.

The Salary of the Professor is £400 per Annum. Enquiries as i the Duties of the Professorship should be addressed to Principal Otil it, a the Heriot-Watt College. Candidates are requested to abstain from ca on the Governors unless they are invited to do so.

TREASURER'S CHAMBERS,

DAVID LEWIS, Treasurer

20 York Place, Edinburgh, December 20, 1889.

ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL
MEDICAL SCHOOL,

ALBERT EMBANKMENT, LONDON, S.E.

TWO ENTRANCE SCIENCE SCHOLARSHIPS of 125 Guineas and £60 respectively, open to all First-Year Students, will be offered for Competition in SEPTEMBER 1890.

Special Classes are held throughout the Year for the PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC and INTERMEDIATE M.B Examination of the Um versity of London, and may be joined at any time.

Entries may be made to Lectures or Hospital Practice, and Spe Arrangements are made for Students entering in their Second or subarque. Years; also for Dental Students and for Qualified Practitioners. Prospectuses and all Particulars may be obtained from the Medal Secretary, Mr. GEORGE RENDLE.

E. NETTLESHIP, Dean.

VICTORIA UNIVERSITY.

THE YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, LEEDS.

The SECOND TERM of the SESSION 1889-90, in the Depart of SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and ARTS, begins WEDNESDAY JANUARY 15. Classes prepare for Degrees in Arts and Science; fe professions of Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Mining Engineers Mine Surveyors, Cloth Manufacturers, and Dyers and Printers of Textile Fahrs and for Commercial and other pursuits. The various Laboratories are ra daily for practical work, including those in the Physical, Chemical, Bioga Engineering, Textile Industries, and Dyeing and Printing Departments In addition to the regular Day Classes, Classes and Lectures are proširu for Occasional and Evening Students.

Prospectus may be obtained (post free) from the SECRETARY.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

GEOLOGY.

Prof. BONNEY, F.R.S., will give a Course of about Sixty Lectures GEOLOGY, at 12 Noon on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays beginning January 9.

Also a Course of about Eighteen Lectures on ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, at 2 p.m., on Fridays, beginning January 10.

Special Instruction is given to Students preparing for the B.Sc. and other Examinations. For further Information apply to

J. M. HORSBURGH, M.A., Secretary.

TO SCIENCE LECTURERS.

See Mr. HUGHES'S PATENT COMBINATION OPTICAL LAN TERN, used by W. LANT CARPENTER, Esq., Prof. FORBES, B. J. MALDEN Esq. New Oxyhydrogen Microscope. Grand Results. Docwra Triple Prize Medal, Highest Award. Patent Pamphagos Lantern Science Lectur Sets. Novelties Cheapest and Best. Elaborately Illustrated Cataly 300 Pages, 1s.; Postage, 5d. Smaller do., 6d. Pamphlets Free. HUGHES, Specialist, Brewster House, Mortimer Road, Kingsland, N.

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SPECTACLES scientifically adapted to remedy impaired vision by
Mr. ACKLAND, Surgeon, daily, at HORNE AND THORNTHWAITE'S,
Opticians to the Queen, 416 Strand, London. The weak-sighted should
read Ackland's "Hints on Spectacles." 6d., post free.

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J. T. CROCKETT,

Maker of every description of Entomological Cabinets and Apparatus; Store- and Book-boxes, fitted with Camphor-cells; Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, &c. Cabinets of every description kept in stock. SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS, with Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms to show upper and under side without removing insect. Store-boxes specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles. All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on Application. Estimates supplied. Trade supplied. Established since 1847.

Show Rooms-7A Prince's Street, Cavendish Square, W. (7 doors from Oxford Circus. Factories-34 Ridinghouse Street, and Ogle Street, W.

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Comprising Fossils, Minerals, and Rocks, labelled with Name, Locality and Geological Position, in Mahogany Cabinets. 100 Specimens, 25s.; 200 ditto, 50s. The best value obtainable.

Micro-sections of Rocks in great variety. Cabinets, Glass-topped Boxes, and other Geological Requisites.

AN EXPERIENCED MICROSCOPIST, THOMAS D. RUSSELL,

M.A., Cambridge, who has at present time to spare, would UNDER-
TAKE SKETCHING from MICROSCOPE.-MICROSCOPE, Mr.
Deek's, High Street, Shanklin, Isle of Wight.

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PRIZE MEDALLIST, HEALTH EXHIBITION, 78 NEWGATE STREET, LONDON, E.C.

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Contains Articles by well-known Entomologists on all branches of the Science; on Insects injurious or beneficial to Farm or Garden; Notes on Habits, Life-Histories; occurrence of Rarities, &c., there are Monthly Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata.

WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS and occasional LITHOGRAPHED and CHROMOLITHOGRAPHED PLATES.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., Stationers' Hall Court.

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"Handsome volume... profusely illustrated, and should be read r only by scientific inquirers, but by ordinary visitors to the attra Neapolitan volcano."-Cook's Excursionist.

"Likely to be of much use in leading travellers to observe for themselves one of the most interesting geological phenomena."-Nature.

"Most welcome. . . teeming with interesting facts. , finished bear . worthy of prominent place in the library."—Journal of Natura Science.

"A very complete account of all that is worth recording of the history the famous Neapolitan volcano, and will serve both as an excellent hand-t for visitors, and as an interesting memoir and book of reference in its sein. tific aspects. The publishers have done their part admirably."-Liters World.

"Endeavours, and not unsuccessfully, to combine popular with sciem exposition."-Scotsman.

"Admirable and exhaustive work."- Standard.

"A storehouse of information on a subject which the author has spec. Y made his own."-Morning Post.

"No more interesting work has been recently published....M. E readable and instructive."-English Mechanic.

"Attractive, useful, and instructive. . Valuable and timely publ tion.... Worthy of a place in the library of every scientist ་་ master.

London: ROPER & DROWLEY, 11 Ludgate Hill, E.

WALTER SCOTT'S LIST.

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THE EVOLUTION OF SEX. By Prof.

PATRICK GEDDES and J. ARTHUR THOMSON.
Illustrations and 322 pages.

With : 4

"A work which, for range and grasp, mastery of material, original and incisiveness of style and treatment, is not readily to be matched in long list of modern books designed more or less to popularize science. Scottish Leader.

ELECTRICITY IN MODERN LIFE. By G. W. DE TUNZELMANN. With 88 Illustrations.

"An interesting account of the most recent developments of the practeral applications of electricity to the every-day business of life-not in commer only, as in the telephone, but in medicine and in war, for example. I: work is well illustrated."-Scotsman.

THE ORIGIN OF THE ARYANS. By

Dr. ISAAC TAYLOR. With numerous Illustrations.
TO BE FOLLOWED BY

PHYSIOGNOMY AND EXPRESSION.
By P. MANTEGAZZA.
[Ready January 3
London: WALTER SCOTT, 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row

GALTON'S WHISTLES

For Determining the Upper Limits of Audible Sound in Different Persons. Prices 10s. 6d. and 215.

GEORGE SPILLER,

MANUFACTURING OPTICIAN,

3 WIGMORE STREET, W.

THURSDAY, JANUARY 9, 1890

Pre

THE ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE "CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION, Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger" during the Years 1873-76, under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and the late Captain Frank T. Thomson, R.N. pared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, Knt., F.R.S., &c., Director of the Civilian Staff on board, and now of John Murray, LL.D., Ph.D., &c., one of the Naturalists of the Expedition. Zoology-Vols. XXXI. and XXXII. Published by Order of Her Majesty's Government. London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office, and sold by Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1889.)

WITH

ITH these recently published volumes, the series of Reports on the zoological results of the Challenger Expedition, comes to a close. Volume XXXI. ontains three Reports, the first of which is on the Alcyonaria," by Profs. E. Perceval Wright and Th. Studer. It would appear that on the first distribution of the zoological treasures of the Expedition, the Alcyonaria were given to Prof. von Kölliker to describe, and the first part of his Report on the Pennatulidæ, forms the Second keport published in 1880. From a note of the editor, we learn that Prof. Kölliker being unwilling to undertake the remainder of the group, the fixed forms were ommitted to Dr. E. P. Wright for description. After the Appearance of the "Narrative of the Expedition" in which a few of the more remarkable of the new species ere described by this author, Prof. Studer consented to pin Dr. Wright in preparing the Report, and all the details were worked out in unison.

The Report opens with a brief introduction, in which an attempt is made to present a more or less complete at of the orders, families, and genera, of the recent Alcyonaria; short diagnoses and references to the bliography are given. While this introduction might with advantage have been greatly expanded, yet we think its value will be appreciated by all those working at this group. This is followed by the description of the genera 2nd species in the Challenger collection. In the earlier pages an attempt has been made to include brief notices of all the known forms, but it was soon found that this would cupy too much space, as the forms from large portions of the Indian Ocean and the very rich Alcyonarian fauna of the western shores of North America were not represented in the collection.

One hundred and eighty-nine species are described as found during the voyage of the Challenger and of this cumber no less than one hundred and thirty-three are described as new. Of the more interesting of these, the following may be mentioned, Callozostron mirabilis, a most extraordinary species taken in the Antarctic Sea, in the most southerly dredging made during the voyage. While there can be no doubt as to its affinities yet this form presents many puzzling features. Another remarkable species from the Fiji's, Calypterinus allmani, although at has a rigid axis, in the arrangement of its polyps shows VOL. XLI.-No. 1054.

some relationship to the previously mentioned species A great number of new species are added to a genus quite recently described by Verrill, and which is made the type of the family Dasygorgidæ. The new genus Acanthoisis, which is nearly related to the well known genus Isis, exhibits an unique condition of its axis, which consists of alternate horny and calcareous joints, the latter being very beautifully grooved and spined. Keroeides koreni, with a sclerogorgic axis, from Japan, is also a curious species, with massive spicules.

Under the heading of "Geographical Distribution," a brief history is given of the distribution of the species of most of the well established genera; while this subject is necessarily very incomplete, yet it would seem as if the West Indian Islands, the Californian shores of America, the Australian seas and especially those of Japan were the chief centres of the group. But it cannot be overlooked that the record is very imperfect and that the recent researches of Danielssen have proved that immense numbers of species exist in the seas of Norway.

This Report extends to 386 pages and is illustrated by 49 lithographic plates, the figures in which have been drawn by Mr. George West, Jun., and Mr. Armbruster of Berne.

The second Report is by Dr. Günther, on the pelagic fishes, and comprises an account of the specimens which were obtained in the open ocean by means, chiefly, of the surface net.

The specimens were as numerous as those of either the shore or deep-sea fishes, described in the author's first and second Reports on the Challenger fishes, and by far the greater number were of small size; some, indeed, had been taken at so early a stage in their development as to make it impossible to refer them to their family or even order. The pelagic fish fauna, as defined by the author, consists, first, of the truly pelagic fish-those which habitually live on the surface of the ocean, accidentally and rarely approaching the shore; the majority breed in the open sea and pass through all their phases of growth without coming into the vicinity of land; numerous representatives of these were in the collections. Secondly, there are a number of fishes inhabiting the depth of the ocean, from a hundred fathoms downwards, which seem periodically to ascend to the surface, possibly in connection with their propagation; most of these are found at the surface, only during the early stages of their growth, but they connect the truly surface fishes with the deep-sea fishes, and were fairly well represented in the collection. Thirdly, the pelagic fauna receives a very considerable contingent from the littoral fauna; some shore fishes, when in a young state, are, while floating on the surface, driven to sea to great distances by currents and winds; many such immature forms were found. And, lastly, fully developed specimens of littoral species sometimes stray or are accidentally driven out to the open sea, and several such were in the collection.

Sixty-seven species are indicated, and several new genera and species are described. A new species of Branchiostoma is described from the Pacific; it was either from the surface or from a depth of 1000 fathoms ; the perfect condition of its delicate fin-fringe seemed to militate against the latter idea, and yet it would be even more extraordinary to find a lancelet living at the surface L

of the open sea. has six plates.

The third Report is by Arthur W. Waters, and is entitled a "Supplementary Report on the Polyzoa.' From every point of view we regret that these "notes the time for the preparation of which has been limited by Mr. Murray," have been published as part of the present series of Reports.

This Report extends to 47 pages, and Reports unless these are contributed by the several authorthereof. As to a "concluding summary volume," opinion, may differ as to the advisability of publishing a summar. of the thirty-two volumes in the same series as the original volumes. For the scientific worker such : summary would be quite useless, for any such would have recourse to the full details. For the general reader. anxious to know something of the facts stored away, beyond his reach, in these many ponderous volumes, a summary would no doubt be of interest, and, if fairly well executed, of value, but the size and cost of a volume lis: those already published in this series would place such far beyond the buying powers of most people, and to uit would seem a waste of public money to undertake so unnecessary a labour. If, indeed, the Treasury would pul lish, in a convenient handy volume, a carefully prepared sketch of the cruise of the Challenger, with a few chap ters added giving a summary of the additions to biolog.cl knowledge, which were the immediate results of the Expedition, such a volume would be acceptable to the general public, and would let them know more than the at present do of the most important voyage of discovery of this century.

If the Reports on the Challenger Polyzoa by the late George Busk, which form Parts XXX. and L. of the zoological series, had been defective, say, for example, that a number of new or rare species had escaped description, then it would have been useful and perhaps excusable to have had a supplemental Report issued, noting such; but out of the 41 pages of which this Supplementary Report consists, not more than one and a half are devoted to the record of the three new species described, while the rest is simply a series of criticisms on the late Mr. Busk's work.

The very heading of the Report contains an implied piece of criticism, "The term Polyzoa is used for sake of uniformity." Into the argument pro and con for the use, of this term it is not needful for us here to enter, but remembering what Mr. Busk had written to justify its use, this uncalled-for remark might have been omitted. We read :

"Shortly after the death of Mr. George Busk, who prepared the Report on the Challenger Polyzoa, I had, through the kindness of his daughter, Miss Busk, an opportunity of examining some of the duplicate specimens, and I desire to thank her for sending me those which, from published criticism, were most interesting to

me.

The first Report in Volume XXXII. is on the Antipatharia by George Brook, and we believe it to be one of the most praiseworthy of all the Reports; the time at the

disposal of the author was of necessity very short, an perhaps no group of marine animals had been so little attended to. Our Museums no doubt possessed numerous specimens, but these being in the great majority of cases only the dried skeletons, presented little upon which to work, there were therefore many and serious drawbacks I have also to thank Mr. John Murray, the director to a determination of the species or to a knowledge of their of the Challenger publications, for allowing me to examine the whole of the duplicate material in Edinburgh. I anatomy. In spite of all this Mr. Brook has succeeded in communicated to Mr. Murray some valuable results making this Report an excellent contribution to our know arising from an examination of sections of the Challenger ledge of the classification, distribution, and anatomy o specimens prepared by a method similar to that employed the group. There was one fortunate circumstance about in the examination of fossil Polyzoa, and at his request I the Challenger specimens, most of them had the polys have drawn up the following supplementary notes on the well preserved, so that their structure could be fairiv Challenger species." well made out. Making the most of the material at his disposal, the author has attempted a partial revision of the group, and has placed the classification for the firs time on a natural basis. The study of the fine collection made by Pourtales and during the voyages of the Bs. would have greatly assisted Mr. Brook's labours, but as in the case of the Alcyonaria, the specimens were n available.

We have been careful to quote the author's own account of his work, which would have formed an interesting communication to any of our scientific Societies, but which seems to us to be quite out of place where it is now published. There is probably not one of the eightytwo Reports published on the zoological results of the Challenger Expedition that could not be added to and emended, and no one would wish that they should escape every just criticism, but this is quite a different thing from employing the funds placed by the Treasury for the publication of these Reports on the printing and illustrating of critical notes on the already published ones. This supplementary Report is illustrated by three plates from drawings of the author.

In the editorial notes to Vol. XXXII. we are told :"This volume concludes the zoological series of Reports on the scientific results of the Expedition, with the possible exception of a few supplementary notes to some of the memoirs and Prof. Huxley's Report on the genus Spirula, which may appear as an appendix to the concluding summary volume."

We must content ourselves with protesting against the publication of any further “ supplementary notes" on the

Nearly all the forms collected by the Challenger were new, which is to be largely accounted for, by the fat that almost all the collections were made in localities from which no Antipatharia had been previously recorde The collection is remarkably deficient in littoral forms, but a number of species are now for the first tra described from great depths. In this monograph not onl are all the Challenger species described but a number of new species in the British Museum are also described, w that the Report forms quite a monograph of the group.

The Report opens with a bibliography, not a ver extensive one, and one which up to the time of Pallas, possesses little interest. Botanists like Bauhin, Tournefort, and Breynius are among the pre-Linnæan writers who refer to these corals, and it is worthy of note that the last mentioned of these authors, describes and gives an

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