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MERCHANT VENTURERS' SCHOOL, LIVING SPECIMENS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

BRISTOL.

The HEAD-MASTERSHIP of this School of Science, Art. Technology, and Commerce will become VACANT after the Examinations in MAY 1890.

The School works in connection with the Department of Science and Art, and the Head-Master must be qualified to teach, and superintend teaching. under the conditions laid down by that Department.

He will be required to devote his whole time to the work of the School, and to be responsible personally for the Chemical Branch of it, which has large and well-appointed Laboratories.

There are upwards of 1300 Students now in attendance.
Evening Classes form an important part of the School.

Applications for the Head-Mastership must be sent in to the underwritten address before JANUARY 31, 1890, and may be accompanied by Copies of not more than Five Testimonials.

Applications from Candidates who cannot show that they have had experience in teaching and in organizing Schools, and in the modes of scientific and technical education, or from Candidates above the age of Thirty-five, will not be considered.

The Salary, made up partly of a fixed payment, partly of Capitation Fees, and partly of a share of Grants on results of examinations, will be guaranteed at not less than £500 a year

Further information may be obtained from GEORGE H. POPE, Merchants' Hall, Bristol.

ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT

BRITAIN,

ALBEMARLE STREET, PICCADILLY, W.

TUESDAY Next (January 21). at 3 o'clock. GEORGE JOHN ROMANES, Esq., M. A., F.K.S, Fullerian Professor of Physiology, R.I.: First of Ten Lectures on the POST-DARWINIAN PERIOD. One Guinea the Course.

THURSDAY (January 23), at 3 o'clock, EDWIN ROSCOE MULLINS, Esq. First of Three Lectures on SCULPTURE in RELATION to the AGE. Half-a-Guinea.

SATURDAY (January 25) at 3 o'clock, Prof. FLOWER. C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. First of Three Lectures on The NATURAL HISTORY of the HORSE and of its EXTINCT and EXISTING ALLIES. Half-aGuinea.

Subscription to all the Courses in the Season, Two Guineas.

The FRIDAY EVENING MEETINGS will begin on January 24, at 9 o'clock, when Prof. DEWAR, M.A., F.R.S., will give a Discourse on The SCIENTIFIC WORK of JOULE,

To these Meetings Members and their Friends only are admitted.

CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

CENTRAL INSTITUTION.

COURSE OF LECTURES ON ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY, By Prof. W. E. AYRTON, F.R.S.

The Course for the Spring Term includes Lectures on Accumulators, Electric Lamps, Arc and Incandescent.

Transformers, Direct and Alternate Current, Electric Traction, Telpherage, Distribution of Energy electrically.

Fee, 1 Guineas per Term, or 3 Guineas per Session.

The Lectures will be given on MONDAYS and WEDNESDAYS from 4 to 5 o'clock, beginning on JANUARY 15.

Particulars and tickets for the Course may be obtained on application to the Dean, Central Institution, Exhibition Road, S. W.

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GEORGE HERIOT'S TRUST.
HERIOT-WATT COLLEGE,

EDINBURGH.

PROFESSORSHIP OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING.

The Governors having resolved to appoint a Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, will be glad to receive applications from Candidates for the appointment. Written Applications, accompanied by 30 Copies of Testimonials, should be sent to the TREASURER of George Heriot's Trust on or before JANUARY 20, 1890

The Salary of the Professor is £400 per Annum. Enquiries as to the Duties of the Professorship should be addressed to Principal OGILVIE, at the Heriot-Watt College. Candidates are requested to abstain from calling on the Governors unless they are invited to do so.

DAVID LEWIS, Treasurer.

TREASURER'S CHAMBERS, 20 York Place, Edinburgh, December 20, 1889.

GOVERNMENT GRANT of £4000 for the Promotion of Scientific Research.-Applications for the Year 1890, to be considered at the Annual Meeting of the Government Grant Committee, must be forwarded to the SECRETARIES, Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W., marked "Government Grant," before MARCH 1, and must be written upon Printed Forms which may be obtained of the ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

GOLD MEDAL awarded at the FISHERIES EXHIBITION to THOMAS BOLTON, 83 CAMDen Street, BirMINGHAM, Who last week sent to his subscribers Brachionus pala, with sketch af description. He also sent out Volvox globator, I rour Öva, Philodina roseo's Floscularia, Corethra plumicornis, Limnias ceratophylli. Melicetta ringer Stephanoceros, Argulus foliaceus; also Amaba, Hydra, Vorticella, Crayt Dog-Fish, Amphioxus, and other Specimens for Biological Laboratury wors Weekly Announcements will be made in this place of orgamsms T E is supplying.

Specimen Tube, One Shilling, post free. Twenty-six Tubes in Course of Six Months for Subscription of £1 11, or Twelve Tubes for 10s. 6d.

Portfolio of Drawings, Eleven Parts, 15. each.

CRYSTAL PALACE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

THIRTIETH SESSION.

The Highest Education in Art, Science, and Literature LADIES.-I. THE SCHOOL, Fine Arts, Letters, Science, M. Single Studies. LADIES.-II. THE JUNIOR DIVISION. Complete Educati Course. Inclusive Fee. MONDAY, JANUARY 20. GENTLEMEN-SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING: Mechanical Course. II. Civil Engineering Division. III. Col Section. Prospectuses in the Library next Byzantine Court, Crystal Palace. F. K. J. SHENTON, F. R. Hist. S.. Superintendent Educational Department

The ROYAL COLLEGE of PHYSICIANS of LONDON and The ROYAL COLLEGE of SURGEONS of ENGLAND.

NEW LABORATORIES.

Notice is hereby given that the Appointment of a DIRECTOR to superm tend the New Laboratories erected by the Colleges on the Victoria Emans ment will shortly be made, and Candidates for the Appointment are w inv ted to transmit to the SECRETARY, on or before FRIDAY, January their Applications, accompanied by a Statement of their Qualifications or the Post. Particulars relating to the Salary and to the Duties of the Appointm may be obtained on Application to the SECRETARY, Examination. Ha Victoria Embankment, London, W.C. FREDERIC G. HALLETT, Secretary.

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TO SCIENCE LECTURERS.

See Mr. HUGHES'S PATENT COMBINATION OPTICAL LAN TERN, used by W. LANT CARPENTER, Esq., Prof. FORBES, B. J. MALDEN, Esq. New Oxybydrogen Microscope. Grand Results. Docwra Triple, Prize Medal, Highest Award. Patent Pamphagos Lantern Science Lecture Sets Novelties Cheapest and Best. Elaborately Illustrated Catalogue, o Pages, IL; Postage, 5d. Smaller do., 6d. Pamphlets Free. HUGHES. Specialist, Brewster House, Mortimer Road, Kingsland, N.

PEKING OBSERVATORY.
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Laken from the same negatives as those sent to the Paris Observatory. THOS. CHILD, Peking, and 130 Lewisham High Road, S E.

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THE NEW

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WATKIN

ANEROID BAROMETER.

NOW MADE IN FLAT WATCH SIZE.

Amongst several unsolicited Testimonials the two following have been received by the maker:

October 10, 1888. THE OBSERVATORY, MELBOURNE, I am very much pleased with it, and DEAR SIR,-The Watkin Aneroid only reached me have given it a pretty severe trial with very satisfactory three weeks ago. results.

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Observer, Scott. Met. Soc.

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J. J. HICKS, 8, 9, & 10 Hatton Garden, London.

To be obtained of all Opticians.

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so that the strong expression of opinion in favour of the muzzling regulations (in conjunction with the disingenuousness of the argument of their opponents) is easily understood.

From a survey of the known behaviour of animals. affected with rabies, and in accordance with the measures customarily adopted in dealing with infection among animals, where as in the present case it is not desirable to interfere with their free movement from place to place, Mr. Chaplin declared a number of counties as infected, taking areas around to provide sufficient margin against conveyance of contagion.

It is this wise and carefully-designed attempt to stamp out the disease, which the Standard, alone in the Press, has attacked in the most unmeasured language. Having no "case" from the scientific and medical stand-point, the editor through his leader-writers abuses his opponent's attorney (if Mr. Chaplin will forgive the simile). The Conservatives in Kent are positively called upon by the leading daily paper of their party to vote against their own Government, and why? Because they are asked to help stamp out rabies; and at what cost? it may be asked. None save that of the hire of a muzzle. This is where the difficulty of our kind of Government arises. Because a solitary voice in the Press objects to a sanitary measure, which has nothing whatever to do with politics, ill-feeling is to be aroused among the voters. It is, however, satisfactory to add that possibly no such attempt on the part of any journal has ever met with such a chilling reception from the rest of its contemporaries-those who have not refrained from observations on the matter having only mentioned it to utterly condemn it.

A sanitary question, to our mind, becomes a question of moral right or wrong when the means proposed for its solution involve nothing beyond a little reasonable trouble, and it is this view of the matter which we fancy finally crystallizes out in the form of what is called public opinion. After the process of the actual experience of the last five years, public opinion is evidently set in the direction of preventing hydrophobia by muzzling. It is of course impossible that Mr. Chaplin should yield to this, the first abusive attack that has been made upon him in his official capacity, but certainly if anything should support him, it is the cognizance of the unworthiness of the opposition which the Standard has fomented against his action in the service of the community.

We should wish in conclusion to direct attention to certain obvious deductions which can justly be drawn from the history of this matter, and other events connected with the subject of rabies.

Both the prevention and the cure of this horrible zymotic malady are the outcome of close scientific experimental work. It was reserved for M. Pasteur to make clear and harmonize the various stages (always obscure and apparently contradictory at first) of our knowledge by the immense progress he inaugurated and carried out in the study of infection.

It is M. Pasteur who himself has pointed out better than anyone how the disease can be prevented from attacking man or animals, and he is the first who has shown in the slightest degree how it can be prevented from developing in the system after it has gained access to the body.

The nineteenth century, however, affords no shelter to the man of science to discover benefits for his fellowmen, for although the progress of knowledge has fortnately destroyed the Inquisition, yet society tolerates the existence of the anti-vivisectionist agitation, which not only scatters broadcast the foulest and falsest aspersions oa such a man's life and character, but in its most recert development violently opposes the advance of hygiene.

POLYTECHNICS FOR LONDON.

WHETHER or not the London County Count!

comes to the wise decision to utilize the provisions of the new Technical Instruction Act, it is prob able that for the most part Londoners will have to look fr intermediate and higher technical instruction to other agencies than rate-aided schools, at all events in the immediate future. In these matters London is in an exceptional position as the capital of the Empire. In the first place, it is the natural home of the Norma Schools of Science and Art which form part of the machinery of the Science and Art Department. And besides this, it is the centre of greatest activity of the organization of the City and Guilds Institute, whose thre model Colleges are all situated within the metropolita

area.

T

The proportion, however, of the inhabitants of Londe... whose education is affected by these higher institutionis necessarily small. The Government schools are im perial rather than local, and their situation is chose regardless of the industrial needs of London Central Institution of the City and Guilds likewise belies its name by its situation at South Kensington The other two schools of the City and Guilds, at Fir bury and Kennington, have a direct and most importati relation to surrounding industries, and keep high standard of what teaching in applied science and ought to be. But teaching of this high order is ver expensive, though the fees charged may be low, and e“ recent years a newer and more popular movement bas sprung up, aiming at a lower standard of instruction carried on at less cost, and adapted, so far as practicable to the benefit of the mass of working men.

The best type of such institutions in London is the so-called "Polytechnic " in Regent Street. The basis o the organization is the Young Men's Christian Institute started some years ago by Mr. Quintin Hogg. Rost this nucleus he has gradually built up an institution. which evening classes, recreation, and gymnastics ha all a part. Under his guidance the Institute has grow to great dimensions, and a number of very largely-attenr classes of all kinds are now conducted in the buildin, which for many years was occupied by the "Polytechn of the diving-bell and Prof. Pepper. Many of the cla are in general and commercial subjects, but there -science and art classes in connection with South Asington, technological classes in connection with the C and Guilds Institute, and trade and practical classes o various industries and handicrafts. The greater par held in the evening, but there are also day classes. day schools for boys and girls are attached to the instr

tion.

It will be seen that this experiment in technical edur

tion differs very materially in plan from that of such an institution as Finsbury College. The educational side of the Polytechnic does not form an organized school course so much as a set of classes among which a student may choose, and the standard aimed at is not so high. But there is this obvious advantage in taking the Polytechnic as a model for similar institutions that the instruction, so fu as it goes, is far less costly than at Finsbury, being largely subsidized by science and art grants.

The example of the Polytechnic has been recently followed, with a certain amount of success, at the People's Palace in Mile End, where the Drapers' Company have devoted the funds which they have withdrawn from the City and Guilds Institute to building and endowing a school somewhat on the Polytechnic lines.

While these institutions have been developing, the Charity Commissioners have been engaged in pursuance of Mr. Bryce's Act of 1883 in framing a scheme for the application of the funds of the City parochial charities for the benefit of the working classes of greater London. The Commissioners came early to the determination devote a large proportion of the proceeds of the charities to some educational purpose, and decided further that the main direction of the educational institutions thus established should be technical and industrial.

It is not our purpose to enter at all into the questions that have been raised as to the mode of division of the endowment between secular and ecclesiastical purposes, or the wisdom of tying up the greater part of the disable funds in perpetuity. There are plenty of keen servers who will make their views felt on these questions; nd indeed many champions of other schemes, such as The promotion of open spaces, are already in the field. int we must regard the main object to which the funds be devoted as practically decided. The Charity minissioners gave notice of it in their last Report, and ittle exception seemed then to be taken to the project. Since then large sums of money have been raised by cal subscriptions on the faith of the proposal. It is too de now to advocate the application of the main part of se fund to any other object than education, and those sho are agitating for such a change are, in our opinion, rasting their powder and shot.

But while the public is easily induced to join in a neral outcry which, if it has any justification, certainly mes far too late, it is quite possible that, unless vigilant ire is exercised, the final scheme may come into force thout those alterations and improvements in detail which seem individually of small importance, but may ake all the difference between a good and a bad scheme ol technical education for London. The funds handled ve far larger than those authorized to be raised for the ole of Wales under the new Intermediate Education At It behoves all friends of education to take care dat these large endowments are used aright.

Let us glance, then, at the main outline of the scheme so far as it relates to technical education. The Commissioners were instructed under the Act to make provision for the "poorer classes." Consequently any technical schools established or aided under the scheme ust aim directly at the benefit of the workman rather than that of the manager.

grants to the erection of technical and recreative institutes in various parts of London, somewhat on the model of the Regent Street Polytechnic, and to give a permanent endowment to these institutes, as well as to the Polytechnic and the People's Palace already in existence. Each institute is to be governed under a scheme, devised by the Charity Commission, and is to be subject to the general control of a Central Governing Body of Trustees.

The objects of the institutes are threefold. They are to be social centres, where concerts and entertainments may be given, and where outside clubs and working men's societies may have an opportunity of meeting; they are to include young men's and young women's institutes for social and recreative purposes, open to "young persons" between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five; and lastly, they are to provide for the educational wants of the working classes in the neighbourhood. Libraries, museums, swimming-baths, and gymnasia will form part of the equipment of most of these institutions.

It is with the educational work of these "Polytechnics" that we are here most directly concerned. But their educational and social sides must be very closely linked together, and the success of the classes will largely depend on the success of the institute as a whole. Entrance to the clubs may, under the scheme, be made contingent on entrance to the classes, as is now the case at the People's Palace, though such a course seems to us to be unwise. In any case we must not pass over the social side of the institutes without a word. The Young Men's Institute at the Polytechnic has been a great success, but it has been a growth of time, and it has grown round the nucleus of the Y.M.C.A. The social Institute at the People's Palace has sprung suddenly into existence, without the pre-existing nucleus; it is admitted to have been a failure, and is now suppressed. Can the lesson be mistaken? Doubtless the Charity Commissioners are alive to the difficulty. Their detailed regulations for the management of an institute, of which the draft has been published, are, in the main, carefully drawn. But those who hope that the scheme will result in the growth of a number of Palaces of Delight which will delight Mr. Walter Besant's heart will be doomed to disappointment. There will be no "People's Palaces "—only Young People's Institutes." The present People's Palace will be constrained to confine its membership in future to persons between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five. Why this limitation? We see with pleasure that the Goldsmiths' Company, who are founding an institute at New Cross on somewhat the same model as those proposed by the scheme, have struck out the upper limit. There are far too many of these restrictions in the scheme. For example, smoking and dancing are (the latter with certain specified exceptions) forbidden. Surely details such as these can be left to the by-laws of the several institutes. Here, again, the Goldsmiths' Company have shown themselves in advance of the Charity Commission.

66

We have a similar criticism to make on the whole of the educational scheme. There is too little guidance in matters of principle, too much restriction in matters of detail.

Perhaps the most important thing to ensure is that the Central Governing Body shall be a strong body, exercising The Commissioners propose to devote large capital effective supervision over the teaching of the various

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