-th, signifying abstract state; as, death from Derivation die; growth from grow; health from heal. -th, signifying agent; as, smith from smite. instrument : -el; as, shovel from shove. -le; as, girdle from gird. -et; as, hatchet from hack. (5.) By a change of the vowel of the verb; as, bond from bind; song from sing. (6.) By changing the accent from the last to the first syllable; as, cónsort from consòrt; rébel from rebèl. of nouns. From verbs. jectives. Nouns are derived from adjectives by adding From ad-ness, signifying abstract state or quality, as darkness from dark; wickedness from wicked; whiteness from white; goodness from good. -dom, also signifying abstract state; as, freedom from free; wisdom from wise. Nouns are derived from other nouns by From other means of the following affixes:— (1.) Denoting abstract state or condition. -dom; as, kingdom from king; dukedom from duke. -ery; as, slavery from slave; foolery from fool; outlawry from outlaw. -head; as, Godhead from God. -hood; as, manhood from man; boyhood from boy. -ship; as, friendship from friend. (2.) By a change of the vowel, denoting diminution; as, kid from goat; tip from top. nouns. Derivation of nouns. (3.) By one of the following affixes, denoting From other diminution : nouns. Latin and French affixes. (-er + -el); as, cockerel, from cock = a little cock; pickerel from pike a little pike. -en; as, chicken from cock; kitten from cat. In these words both the vowel is changed and an affix added. -et; as, lancet from lance; floweret from flower. (-el +-et); as, streamlet from stream; brooklet from brook; eyelet from eye. -kin; as, lambkin from lamb; mannikin from man. The names Perkin, Watkin, etc., are contractions of Peter-kin, Walter-kin, etc., and form a sort of patronymic diminutives. -ie; as, lassie from lass; boatie from boat. These diminutives in -ie, are Lowland Scotch words. -ock; as, bullock from bull; hillock from hill. -ling; as, duckling from duck; gosling from goose; lordling from lord. All the above methods of deriving nouns are of Anglo-Saxon origin. There are also several affixes for forming derivative nouns which have been introduced from other languages. The following are the Latin and French affixes. (1.) Denoting agent. -tor; as, auditor, creditor, orator, senator. -trix (signifying female agent); as, executrix, administratrix. -eer; as, auctioneer, charioteer (from French Derivation -eur, -aire). -ee; as, devisee, legatee, lessee, grantee. (2.) Denoting abstract ideas : -acy; as, fallacy, curacy (from Lat. -acia and -atio). -ance; as, intolerance, resistance (from -antia). -our; favour, honour (from Lat. -or, through (3.) Denoting smallness, and forming diminutives: -cule; as, reticule, animalcule (from Lat. -culus, -cula, culum). -cle; as, article, particle (from Lat. -culus, -cula, culum). -et; as, trumpet, lancet (from Fr. ette). (4.) Denoting instrument. -ment; armament, pigment (from Lat. mentum). The following are Italian affixes : of nouns. Latin and affixes. affixes. (1.) -aster; as, poetaster, pilaster (from Italian Italian -astro), denoting smallness, and forming diminutives. (2.) -oon; as, balloon, buffoon (from Italian -one), denoting largeness, and forming augmentatives. Derivation of nouns. Greek affixes. Patronymics. The following are affixes of Greek origin : (1.) Denoting agent. -ete; as, athlete, prophet (from Greek -etes). -ician; as, physician, optician (from Greek -ikos). -ist; as, sophist, mesmerist (from -istes). -ite (forming patronymics); as, Moabite, Israelite, Jacobite (from Greek -ites). (2.) Denoting abstract ideas. -e; as, epitome, apostrophe (from -é). -y; as, anatomy, lithotomy (from -ia). -sis; as, analysis, hypothesis (from -sis). nutives. = -isk; as, asterisk, basilisk (from -iskos, -iske). Patronymics (from pater = a father, and onoma a name, Greek). A patronymic is a name derived from a father or other ancestor, and applied to a son or a descendant; as, Fitz-Walter = the son of the son of Donald. however, are all compounds, not derivatives. The original termination for patronymics in English was -ing, meaning descendant; Elising = the son of Elisha; Atheling of the family of nobles (athel); as, Edgar Atheling. = Traces of this patronymic affix survive in the diminutives duckling, gosling, etc. of nouns, The word Wales is derived from the Anglo- Derivation foreigners, a name given Wales. Saxon word wealhas = to the inhabitants by Anglo-Saxons. It has been transferred from the people to the country. The wal- in Wales is the same as the wal- Walnut. in walnut, that is, foreign nut, as walnuts were introduced into England from the Continent. = Hybridism (from hybrida mongrel, Lat.) Hybridism. is a grammatical term to denote the union of words, or of words and terminations, derived from two languages, in one word, thereby either forming a derivative or compound word; as, deism, where the root of the word is the Latin Deism, etc. deus, and the termination of Greek origin. Witticism, where the body of the word is Saxon, and the termination Greek. Brownist a Saxon word with Greek termina tion. Chartist is a Latin root with Greek termination. As the vocabulary of the English language is extremely composite, having incorporated words and grammatical forms from several other languages, there are a good many hybrid forms in it. As long as any force is obtained by such a cross of languages, and the practice is not. carried too far, there can be no harm in hybridism. But to prefer to place a Latin or Greek affix to an English word, when there is a corresponding affix of Anglo-Saxon origin, is |