he, heo, hit; there from the dative feminine sin- Derivation gular of that, Anglo-Saxon. Note.-Whilom and seldom are also datives like here and there. Hence and whence are derived from he and who. Where from the same case of Anglo-Saxon who; when from the accusative masculine singular of the same pronoun. Than and then from the same case of the Anglo-Saxon that. Why from the ablative or instrumental case of who. How, thus, and so are also formed from ablatives. III. From adjectives : of adverbs. From pronouns: (1.) By adding -ly; as happily from happy; From darkly from dark. (2.) By adding -wise; as, crosswise from cross. (3.) By adding -way; as, straightway from straight. (4.) By adding -ways; as, always from all. (5.) By affixing -ce to the numeral adjectives; as, once from one; twice from two. Once, twice, and thrice are genitives of one, two, three. adjectives. Prepositions are derived from nouns and Derivation verbs. From nouns and verbs :- From, from the Anglo-Saxon frum=a beginning. of preposition. Derivation of prepositions. Derivation of conjunctions. = Save is the imperative of the verb to save. = For further particulars see Horne Tooke's "Diversions of Purley." The following prepositions are of Latin origin : During, from durans, present participle of duro to last. Concerning, from con= together, and cernens= perceiving. Respecting, from the verb respect, derived from the Latin respicio to look back. Conjunctions are derived from verbs. If is the imperative of gifan = to give. Composi tion of nouns. = stellan to put. eacan to add. getan to get. Compound nouns are formed from two nouns, a verb and a noun, an adjective and a noun, an adverb and verb, and an adverb and noun. Nouns compounded of two nouns pear-tree, court-yard, arm-chair, copy-book. Of a verb and a noun: lode-star, chap-man, turn-stile, sealing-wax. Of an adjective and noun: black tion of bird, sooth-sayer, blue-bell. Of an adverb and Composiverb: wel-come, mis-fit. Of an adverb and nouns. noun: after-thought. Adjectives are compounded of nouns adjectives, adjectives and verbs, adverbs adjectives, and adverbs and verbs. Of nouns and adjectives; as, cheer-ful, aimless. Of adjectives and verbs; as, pale-faced, tightlaced. Of adverbs and adjectives; as, un-happy, up-right. Of adverbs and verbs; as, mis-shapen, outspoken. tion of Verbs are compounded of prepositions and Composiverbs, adverbs and verbs, nouns and verbs. verbs. Of prepositions and verbs; as, up-hold, under-stand, out-run. Of adverbs and verbs; as, mistake, unfold. Of nouns and verbs; as, backbite, hamstring. Such words as the following are faulty, as Hybridism they are hybrids : Demi-god, compounded of a Latin and Saxon word; hero-worship, of a Greek and Saxon word. in compounds. ANOMALOUS DERIVATIVES. derivatives. Songstress has two feminine affixes, the Anomalous -ster and -ess. Besides it is a hybrid formation, Songstress. the -ess being of Latin origin, and the rest of the word of Saxon. Seamstress is in exactly the same predica- Seamstress. ment. derivatives. Anomalous Brethren has two changes to form the plural, the change of the vowel o of brother, and the affix -en. Brethren. Children. Its. Am. Anomalous compounds. Latin prefixes. Children has two plural affixes, the -er and -en, being derived from child. Its has two signs of case, the -t of the neuter nominative and the -s of the possessive. Am is peculiar, as the -m is no part of the verb, but the pronoun me affixed to the root. In Wednesday the s may be either the sign of the possessive case, as Woden's day, or merely the connecting particle. So also in sportsman, huntsman. In blackamoor and nightingale the a and in are merely connecting particles. The following is a list of the chief Latin and Greek prepositions that enter into the composition of English words : : A, ab, signifying, from; as, avert, absolve. Ad, to; as, admit, admire. The -d of ad is often assimilated to the letter next following; as, attend, applaud, assume. Ante, before; as, antecedent, anticipate. Circum, around; as, circumvent, circumference. Con, together; as, consort, conjoin. The n of con is often assimilated to the letter next following; as, collect, compel, commit, collusion. Contra, against; as, contravene, contradict. In (prefixed to a verb), into; as, infuse, in- Composi ject. In (prefixed to an adjective), not; as, inconstant, incompetent. The n of in is often assimilated to the consonant next succeeding; as, illegal, implicate, immoral, irrelevant. Inter, between; as, interrupt, intercept. Ob, against; as, object, obvious. The b of ob is often assimilated to the following consonant; as, occur, offer, oppose. Per, through; as, perfume, perspicuous. Præ, before; as, prevent, prepare. Pro, forth; as, project, propose. Re, again; as, return, reconsider. Retro, backwards; as, retrogression, retrospect. Se, apart; as, separate, select. Sub, under; as, subsoil, submerge. The b of sub is often assimilated to the following consonant: as, succour, support. Super, over; as, superintend, supernatural. Trans, beyond; as, transgress, transfer. tion. Latin prefixes. A (an before a vowel), not; as, apathy, an- Greck archy. Amphi, both; amphibious, amphitheatre. Ana, up; as, anatomy, analysis. Anti, against; as, antidote, antipathy. prefixes. |