burg lode, 2.679 acres, with Silver King lode (exclusive of conflict of said Silver King lode with the Gottenburg lode), 1.309 acres. Net area of Gold Queen lode, 6·309 acres.

The net area of the lode claim, including the Gold Queen lode and Silver King lode, is 14.225 acres.

Survey No. 4225 B-Silver King Mill Site.-Beginning at corner No. 1, a gneiss stone, 32 by 8 by 6 inches, set 2 feet in the ground, chiselled (1) 4225 B, whence W. corner section 22, Township 11 S., Range 81 W. of the 6th principal meridian, bears N. 80° W., 1880 feet. Corner No. 1,

survey No. 4225 A, bears N. 40° 44′ W., 760.2 feet.

A cotton-wood, 18 inches in diameter, blazed and marked (1) 4225 B, bears S. 5° 30′ E., 17 feet.

Thence S. 34° E., 90 feet road to Wabasso, coursing N.-E. and S.-W. 208 feet right bank of Columbine Creek, 75 feet wide, flowing S.-W. 504.8 feet to corner No. 2, an iron bolt, 18 inches long, 1 inch in diameter,

set 1 foot in rock in place, chiselled (2) 4225 B, whence a cotton-wood, blazed and marked B. T. (2) 4225 B, bears due east, 182 feet.

Thence S. 56° W., 351 feet left bank of Columbine Creek. 394 4 feet to corner No. 3, a point in bed of creek, unsuitable for the establishment of a permanent corner.

Thence N. 34° W., 15 feet right bank of Columbine Creek. 40 feet to witness corner No. 3, a pine post, 4.5 feet long, 5 inches in diameter, set 1 foot in ground, with mound of stone, marked W. C. (3) 4552 B, whence a cotton-wood, 15 inches in diameter, bears N. 11° E., 16.5 feet, and a cottonwood, 19 inches in diameter, bears N. 83° W., 23 feet; both blazed and marked B. T. W. C. (3) 4225 B. 370 feet road to Wabasso, coursing N.-E. and S.-W. 647.2 feet to corner No. 4, a gneiss stone, 24 by 10 by 4 inches, set 18 inches in the ground, chiselled (4) 4225 B, whence a cross, chiselled on ledge of rock, marked B. R. (4) 4225 B, bears N. 85° 10' E., 26'4 feet. Thence N. 48° 43′ E., 125 5 feet to corner No. 5, a gneiss stone, 30 by 8 by 5 inches, set 2 feet in the ground, chiselled (5) 4225 B.

Thence S. 34° E., 158.3 feet to corner No. 6, a pine post, 5 feet long, 5 inches square, set 2 feet in the ground, with mound of earth and stone, marked (6) 4225 B, whence a pine, 12 inches in diameter, blazed and marked B. T. (6) 4225 B, bears S. 33° E., 63.5 feet.

Thence N. 56° E., 270 feet to corner No. 1, the place of beginning. The variation at all the corners is 15° 20′ E. The area of the mill site is 5 acres. Expenditure of Five Hundred Dollars.-The value of the labour and improvements upon this claim is not less than 500 dollars. The said improvements consist of:

The discovery shaft of the Silver King lode, 6 by 3 feet, 10 feet deep in earth and rock, which bears from corner No. 2, N. 6° 42′ W., 2875 feet. Value 80 dollars. An incline, 7 by 5 feet, 45 feet deep in coarse gravel and rock, timbered, course N. 58° 15′ W., dip 62°, the mouth of which bears from corner No. 2, N. 15° 37′ E., 908 feet. Value 550 dollars. The discovery shaft of the Gold Queen lode, 5 by 5 feet, 18 feet deep in rock, which bears from corner No. 7, N. 67° 39′ E., 219.3 feet, at the bottom of which is a cross-cut, 6.5 by 4 feet, running N. 59° 26' W., 75 feet. Value of shaft and cross-cut 1000 dollars. A log shaft-house, 14 feet square, over the last-mentioned shaft, value 100 dollars. Two-thirds interest in an adit, 65 by 5 feet, running due west 835 feet, timbered, the mouth of which bears from corner No. 2, N. 61° 15′ E., 920 feet. This adit is in course of construction for the development of the Silver King and Gold Queen lodes of this claim, and survey No. 2560, Carnarvon lode. The remaining onethird interest has already been included in the estimate of 500 dollars expenditure upon the latter claim. Total value of adit, 13,000 dollars. drift, 6.5 by 4 feet, on the Silver King lode, beginning at a point in the adit 800 feet from the mouth, and running N. 20° 20′ E., 195 feet; thence N. 54° 15′ E, 40 feet to breast. Value 2,800 dollars.

Other improvements consist of:

A

A log cabin, 35 by 28 feet, the S.-W. corner of which bears from corner No. 7, N. 30° 44′ E., 496 feet. A dam, 4 feet high, 50 feet long, across Columbine Creek, the south end of which bears, from corner No. 2 of the mill-site, N. 58° 20′ W., 240 feet. An adit, 6 by 4 feet, running N. 70° 50′ W., 100 feet, the mouth of which bears, from corner No. 5, S. 58° 12′ W., 323 feet.

Instrument. The survey was made with a Young & Sons' mountain transit-theodolite with solar attachment. The courses were deflected from the true meridian as determined by solar observations. The distances were measured with a 50-foot steel tape.

The first corner of the survey must be connected by course and distance with some corner of the survey of public lands of the United States, if the claim lies within 2 miles of such corner. The United States public lands include all the territory north of the Ohio River and west of the Mississippi River, not owned by individuals previous to the date of cession to the United States Government. All this territory has been laid out in rectangular tracts bounded by north and south, and east and west lines, each tract having a particular name. The reference lines consist of principal meridians and standard parallels. The former may be more than 100 miles apart. The standard parallels are 24 or 30 miles apart. In setting-out these lines, each mile is marked by a stone, tree, or mound, and is called a section corner. Every sixth mile has a different mark, and is called a township corner. From each of these, auxiliary meridians are set-out north to the next standard parallel. The territory is thus divided into ranges, which are 6 miles wide and 24 miles long. Each range is numbered east and west from the principal meridian. The ranges, being cut by east and west lines joining the corresponding township corners on the meridian, are thus divided into townships each 6 miles square. Each township is divided into 36 squares called sections, by meridians 1 mile apart, and by east and west lines at the same distance from each other. The sections are divided into half-sections and quarter-sections. The law requires that all excesses or deficiencies, either from erroneous measurement or from the convergence of the meridians, shall, so far as possible, be thrown on the extreme tier of sections and half-sections contiguous to the north and west boundaries of townships.

CHAPTER XI.

PLOTTING THE SURVEY,

Scales.-Plotting a survey consists in representing on paper, to a smaller scale, the lines and angles determined on the ground. The operation of drawing lines, the length of which shall be some fraction of that of the lines measured on the ground, is called drawing to scale.

A scale may be defined as an artificial means of representing any given dimensions. Thus, a fathom may be represented by a straight line 1 inch long; then 2 fathoms would be represented by a line of 2 inches, 3 fathoms by 3 inches, and so on. Three kinds of scales of equal parts may be distinguished-1, simply divided scales; 2, diagonal scales; and 3, vernier scales.

1. Simply divided scales consist of any extent of equal divisions, numbered 1, 2, 3, &c., beginning at the second division on the left hand. The first of these primary divisions is sub-divided into 10 equal parts, and from these sub-divisions the scale is named. Thus it is a scale of 30, when 30 of these secondary divisions are equal to 1 inch. If the primary divisions are taken as units, the secondary divisions will represent tenths.

As an illustration of the method of constructing scales, let it be required to construct a scale of 3 chains to the inch, to exhibit 18 chains. Draw a line 6 inches long, and divide it into 18 equal parts. These are the primary divisions, each of which represents one chain. Divide the first primary division into 10 equal parts; each of these secondary divisions will represent 10 links. Next draw a thicker line at a short distance below the first line, and draw vertical lines between them to indicate the divisions of the first lines. Place the zero at the line between the first and second primary divisions, and then, from left to right, place in succession the numbers 1, 2, 3, &c., at each primary division. Number the secondary divisions from the zero from right to left, 0·1, 0·2, 0.3, &c. With this system of numbering, lengths are taken from the scale with greater facility. Thus, to take off 3 chains 25 links from the scale described, one point of the dividers must be placed at the figure 3 on the scale, and the other point

extended back to a place midway between the second and third secondary divisions.

In cases where fathoms and feet are required to be shown, the first primary division is divided into 6 divisions representing feet. If the scale is to show feet and inches, the first primary division must be divided into 12 equal divisions, representing inches.

A scale constructed in this way should be drawn upon every mine plan. Paper, when exposed to atmospheric influences, is found to expand or contract to a considerable extent. This is especially the case with new paper, or newly-mounted paper. The serious errors apt to arise from this cause are, to a large extent, obviated by making a scale on the paper as an accurate standard of measurement. This will expand and contract with the paper, and thus afford a valuable indication of the state of the paper.

The scales usually employed for the plans of metalliferous mines are 4 or 8 fathoms to the inch, sometimes 5 or 10 fathoms. For colliery plans, scales of 2 or 3 chains to the inch, or of 25·34 inches to the mile, are the most usual.

In order to assist in giving a clearer idea of the relative proportions of the scales used, it is desirable that they should be expressed fractionally-that is to say, that they should be so named as to indicate the ratio the line drawn on the paper bears to the line measured on the ground. Thus, a scale of 2 fathoms to the inch is a scale of 1, or, as it may also be written, 1:144, since 1 inch represents 2 fathoms, or 144 inches of real length. A scale of this kind is called a natural scale.

In the construction of the maps of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain, the following scales are used :

:

In the scale adopted for the parish maps, largely used for colliery plans, 1 square inch represents an acre.

2. Diagonal Scales.—A diagonal scale of equal parts is constructed in the following manner:-Draw eleven straight lines parallel to each other and inch apart. Divide the top line into equal parts, these primary divisions being of any required length. Through the points marking these primary divisions, draw perpendiculars cutting all the parallels. Number the primary