56. A straight draft is required to be driven of uniform inclination between C and G. How must it be set out from each end? (City Guilds, 1885.)

57. Describe the method of using the transit-theodolite in order to measure horizontal and vertical angles with great precision. (City Guilds, 1885.)

58. Explain the principle of the vernier, and describe the manner in which you would construct a vernier for a circle to read 30 seconds, when the arc is divided into quarter degrees. (R. S. M., 1884.)

59. How may the underground- and surface-surveys of a mine be connected? (R. S. M., 1887.)

60. In a 20-fathom level driven on an east and west lode, underlying north, a winze has been commenced bearing due north, and it is determined to pitch a rise against it in the 40-fathom level; the 30-fathom level not having been driven far enough east for the purpose. How would you determine the exact point in the 40-fathom level to start from? (R. S. M., 1886.)

61. Calculate trigonometrically the bearing and distance of C from the centre of the shaft in the following traverse :

62. Lay down, on a scale of 1 chain to the inch, the survey given on page 36, representing a four-sided field connected with the shaft of a mine. Calculate the area. (City Guilds, 1885.)

63. Plot the following survey, by W. Rickard, of a Cornish mine :

From pp. line in Williams' shaft at the 60-fathom level.

64. State the nature of the dislocations or heaves of lodes, their probable origin, their appearance vertically and on a horizontal plane; and the various rules that have been recommended for regaining the severed portion. (R.S.M. Examination in Mining, 1879.)

65. A, B, and C are three bore-holes; the depths of which from the same horizontal plane to a seam of coal are respectively 100, 106, and 108 yards.

From A to B is 100 yards, and from A to C 120 yards. The angle in a horizontal plane between A B and A C is 30°. What is the direction of the dip of the seam, and the angle of dip? (Merivale's Notes and Formulæ.)

66. Name the permanent adjustments of the transit theodolite, and state how they are made. (Edinburgh University, 1888.)

67. Explain fully the process of setting out a tunnel in the driving of which a number of shafts have to be employed. (Edinburgh University, 1888.)

68. Suppose you were required to take levels along an underground roadway in order to plot a section showing both roof and floor, state what instruments you would use and how you would proceed. (Colliery Managers, West Lancashire, 1887.)

69. State approximately the declination of the magnetic needle for the year 1888, and the average annual variation. How is the declination found to vary in amount as you travel northwards or eastwards? (City Guilds, 1888.)

70. Describe the Hedley dial. (City Guilds, 1888.)

71. Explain what is meant by the true meridian. How may the true meridian be determined by simple observations of some well-known stars? (City Guilds, 1888.)

72. Describe the method of measuring horizontal angles with the theodolite by the process of repetition, and point out the special advantages of this mode of using the instrument. (City Guilds, 1888.)

APPENDIX II.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following is a list of the treatises on mine-surveying consulted in the preparation of this work:

AGRICOLA, G.- "De re metallica libri duodecim," folio. Basel, 1556. HOUGHTON, T.- -"Rara avis in terris, or the compleate miner," 12mo. London, 1681.

VOIGTEL, N. "Geometria subterranea," folio. Eisleben, 1686.

WEIDLER, J. F.-"Institutiones geometriæ subterranæ," Svo. Wittenberg,

1726.

JUGEL, J. G.- "Geometria subterranea," 4to. Berlin, 1744. 2nd Edition, Leipzig, 1773.

BEYER, A.-"Gründlicher Unterricht vom Bergbau nach Anleitung der Markscheidekunst," 4to. Altenburg, 1749. 2nd Edition, 4to.

Edited by C. F. Lempe, 1785. 'OPPEL, F. W. VON.-"Anleitung zur Markscheidekunst," 4to. Dresden,

1749.

DUHAMEL, J. P. F. G.-"Géométrie souterraine," 4to. Paris, 1787.
FENWICK, T.-"A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on Subterraneous
Surveying," Svo. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1804. A reprint of this
work is published with additions by T. Baker.
BUDGE, J.-"The Practical Miner's Guide," Svo. London, 1825. 2nd
Edition, 1845.

HANSTADT, J. N. L. von.-"Anleitung zur Markscheidekunst," 4to.
Pest, 1835.

WEISBACH, J.-"Die neue Markscheidekunst," 2 vols., 4to. Brunswick,

1851-59.

ADRIANY, J.-"Leitfaden seiner Vorträge über Markscheidekunde," Svo. Vienna, 1852.

BEER, A. H.-"Lehrbuch der Markscheidekunst," 8vo. Prague, 1856 HOSKOLD, H. D.-" A Practical Treatise on Mining, Land, and Railway Surveying," Svo. London, 1863.

SARRAN, M. E.-"Manuel du géomètre souterrain," 2 vols., Svo. Paris, 1868.

MILLER-HAUENFELS, A. VON.— -"Höhere Markscheidekunst," 8vo. Vienna, 1868.

BORCHERS, E.-"Die praktische Markscheidekunst," 8vo. Hanover, 1870. LINTERN, W.- "The Mineral Surveyor and Valuer's Complete Guide,'

12mo. London 1872.

LIEBENAM, A.- -"Lehrbuch der Markscheidekunst," Svo. Leipzig, 1876.
BRATHUHN, O.-" Lehrbuch der praktischen Markscheidekunst," 8vo.
Leipzig, 1884.
VILLET, F.- "Traité pratique du lever des plans souterrains," 8vo.
St. Etienne, 1885.

The following works contain chapters on Mine-Surveying :—

PRYCE, W.-"Mineralogia cornubiensis," folio. London, 1778 (pp. 202-213). HAUSMANN, J. F. L.-"Reise durch Scandinavien," 5 vols., 8vo. Göttingen, 1811-18. [An account is given of the methods of surveying mines in Sweden, vol. v., pp. 115-126.]

VILLEFOSSE, A. M. HÉRON DE LA.-" De la richesse minérale," 3 vols., 4to, with folio atlas. Paris, 1819.

SOPWITH, T.- -"A Treatise on Isometric Drawing," 8vo. London, 1834. WILLIAMS, B.- "Practical Geodesy," 8vo. London, 1842.

COMBES, C.-"Traité de l'exploitation des mines," 3 vols., Svo, with 4to, atlas. Paris, 1844.

DEGOUSÉE, J.-" Guide du sondeur," 2 vols., 8vo. Paris, 1847.

PONSON, A. T.-"Traité de l'exploitation des mines de houille," 4 vols., 8vo, with folio atlas. Liége, 1852. 2nd edition, 1870.

BAUERNFEIND, C. M.- "Elemente der Vermessungskunde," 2 vols., Svo. Munich, 1856. 5th edition, 1876.

RICKARD, W.-"The Miner's Manual of Arithmetic and Surveying, containing the usual Calculations Employed by the Miner," Svo. Truro, 1859.

GILLESPIE, W. M.-"A Treatise on Levelling, Topography, and higher Surveying," Svo. New York, 1871.

ANDRÉ, G. G.-"The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing," 4to. London, 1874.

HYSLOP, J.-" Colliery Management," 2nd edition, 2 vols., 8vo. London, 1876.

DAVIES, C.-" Elements of Surveying and Levelling." Revised by J. H. van Amringe, Svo. New York, 1883. The chapter on MineSurveying was revised by J. G. Murphy.

HABETS, A.-Cours de topographie," 8vo. Liége, 1883.

HUNT, R.-"British Mining, a Treatise on the Metalliferous Mines of the United Kingdom," Svo. London, 1884.

CHANCE, H. M.- Report on Coal Mining. Pennsylvania Second Geological Survey," 8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.

JOHNSON, J. B.-"The Theory and Practice of Surveying," Svo. New York, 1886. The chapter on Mine-Surveying was written by C. A. Russell.

WARDLE, W.--"Reference Book on Practical Coal Mining," Svo. London, 1887.