intinscital to begin, beginning, pres. intinscana II incipit (ind-do-ind-scana, cf. § 246);

tindnacul tradere, traditio, pres. do-ind-naich distribuit (past § 266, fut. § 287);

adnacul to bury, grave, pres. sec. pass. adnaicthe (fut. § 287);

gabál and gabáil f. to take, dat. do gabáil, pres. gabim I (§ 261);

imdegail f. to guard, dat. do imdegail, pres. im-dichim vindico, sg. 3 imdig;

atmail to confess, pres. pl. 3 ad-daimet;

ticsál, imperat. sg. 3 ticsath a chruich Gloss on tollet crucem suam, Cod. Camar. (Z. p. 1005).

2

381. Infinitives in end, enn. These appear to have taken origin from the Latin gerund: legend Latin legere, gen. legind, Lat. legendi, dat. do legund; scribend Lat. scribere, gen. scríbint, Lat. scribendi, dat. do scríbund; in the same way is formed dilgend exterminare, dat. do dilgiunn, to do-lega delebit Ml. 62b, dilegthith exterminator.

382. But all the forms designated infinitives in the preceding are equally well used as simple nomina actionis : fortacht help and to help, imrádud reflection and to reflect, ól draught and to drink (as infinitive to ibim bibo). The profusion of forms which are used as infinitives is not exhausted by those above given, for every nomen actionis may be so used. The form of the stem is hard to determine in im-di-be circumcisio, circumcidere, tó-be decisio, decidere, pres. im-di-bnim, do-fui-bnim and other compounds of benim, as also dula, dul to go, infinitive of luid, do-luid he went ($ 302).

VERB SUBSTANTIVE,

383. Four different roots serve for the substantive verb: (1) as, (2) stā, (3) vel, (4) bhū.

384.

385.

1. Root as.

Paradigms of the root as, present amm I am :

Also in impersonal flexion: is mé French c'est moi, is tú c'est toi, is snisni c'est nous, is sissi (also it sib) c'est vous. Stokes (Beiträge VII. p. 40 note) detects in is-am (also is-im), is-at, bid-at (I am, thou art, thou shalt be) another form of impersonal flexion, being formed by suffixing pronominal elements: but probably this am, at is the verbal “I am, thou art," and the whole formula an emphatic "it is that I am, it is that thou art, it will be that thou art." This view is corroborated by the is it, mentioned in O'Donovan's Ir. Gr. p. 162: isit imda a locha many are its lakes (literally “it is that are").

2. Root stā.

386. Paradigms of the root stā, indicative and conjunctive present. Usually composed attá, atá ad tá or aith-tá est, or itá, the latter being either identical with the former or tá with the relative in- ubi. Instead of the simple tá very often dá appears (cf. § 61), e.g. after the particles of comparison ol, in (an): ol dáas, indás (andás) quam est. The absolute forms placed in parenthesis are taken from O'Donovan's Grammar.

387. Deviating indicative forms occur in na-te, na-de non est, ca-te quis est? ubi est? ca-teet quid sunt?

In like manner to this verb or to amm (§ 384) belong the remnants of the verbal forms in the following unions with the conjunctions ce, cia (with conj.) although, má (with conj.) if, mani if not, co n- that, and farther with dian- cui, nan- qui, quæ, quod non, in- ubi :

From conid (?) with further suffix condid and condib ut sit are formed, the latter of which contains distinctly a form from bíu (§ 389).

3. Root vel.

388. The root vel in Old Irish occurs only in the 3 sg. It governs the accusative and often answers to the French il y a: sg. 3 fil (fail), relative file; conj. fel, also feil. The latter is also proved as a relative form after the neuter sg. The remaining persons are in Old Irish expressed impersonally: con-dum-fel ut essem, nis fil non sunt. But a personal flexion' also comes into use: ni filet (failet) non sunt, filet qui sunt ; and in Modern Irish go bhfuilim that I am, 2 go bhfuilir, 3 go bhfuil sé, pl. 1 go bhfuilimíd, 2 go bhfuiltí. 3 go bh-fuilid.

4. Root bhú*.

389. Paradigms of the root bhu. Almost in every tense there are two series of forms, which appear to be different according to the formation of the stem, as the Latin fio and

* Stokes identifies bíu with Latin vivo.

=

Latin fuam or Skr. bhavāmi. The forms (a) of the first series
have a stronger signification (to be existere, versari): the
forms (b) of the second series serve as a simple copula. The
same distinction of signification may be observed in the
perfect, although here the different forms seem not to be of
different origin.

X.

PARTICLES.

1. NEGATION.

390. Negation in the principal sentence is expressed by ni (ní), in dependent and relative sentences na, nach, nad (ná, nách, nád). The negative generally stands first in a sentence and can only be preceded by a conjunction, or in a relative sentence by a preposition, and in an interrogative sentence by the interrogative particle. Na and nach are also used with the imperative and conjunctive in principal sentences. Neither ...nor: ní...ná.

391. For ní, ni con often occurs, and later no co, nocho, nochon, literally not that; the counterpart of which is the strong assertion ni nad non quin.

In the relative nand (nant) qui, quæ, quod non est, pl. nandat besides a pronominal element a verbal form is contained (cf. § 387).

392. The interrogative particle is in (inn) always with a retained nasal, but it is written im before b. In the indirect question dús in (dús for do fiuss ad sciendum) is used. "Why" is expressed by ca, co; "why not" by cani (cain), cini.

In the double question, the Latin utrum...an is expressed by in...fa (ba), and the Latin utrum...annon or necne by in... fanacc. The rhetorical question is introduced by inná, innád or...not, Latin annon.

393. Acc, aicc as well as naicc, natho, nitho stand for no. In direct speech the affirmative particles ém, ám are often met with in the sense of surely, verily, in sooth.