281. Most Old Irish futures with é have changed this character to eó in the later language, e. g. Modern Irish eibeólad I shall die, pres. eiblim (Old Irish sg. 1 atbél, pres. sg. 3 atbail), coiseónad I shall defend, pres. cosnaim, coingeobad I shall hold, pres. congbhaim (a composite verb from Old Irish gabim capio), freigeórad I shall answer, pres. freagraim. The verbs in -igim and other denominatives have in a remarkable way followed this form: maireóbhad I shall kill, pres. marbhaim (from Old Irish marb dead), ceingeólad I shall tie, pres. ceanglaim (from Old Irish cengal, cingulum), foillseóchad I shall show, pres. foillsighim (from Old Irish follus apertus).

282. This form occurs like the S-preterite (§ 269) especially in the II. and III. conjugations. The denominatives are confined to this future. It takes its name from the analogy to the Latin amabo, of which the characteristic is traced back to the root bhū. The character b or ƒ is affixed to the present-stem.

283.

The otherwise suppressed thematic vowel of the present remains before the characteristic of the future, when

I. G.

6

consonants.

its suppression would lead to too great an accumulation of Behind the retained vowel, b instead of ƒ appears as characteristic of the future: predchibid prædicabit; folnibthe regnabitis; do-sn-aidlibea visitabit eos, pres. do-da-aidlea II. adit eam.

284. The B-future is often used by the side of other futures: ni aicfea non videbit, beside ad-cichitis, pres. adchíu; geinfes qui nascetur beside gignid (§ 276). It is also and more and more in Later Irish formed from verbs of the I. conjugation: do-icfa, ticfa veniet beside the S-future, tis veniam, pres. ticim I come; arom-fo-imfea accipiet me, pres. ar-fo-imim accipio, nodn-ailfea educabit eum, pres. alim; oirgfid interficiet (also S-preterite oirgset devastaverunt beside the T-preterite ro ort § 266), pres. orgim orcim § 67; dot-emfet-su vindicabunt te (MI. 112c), cf. § 277.

Like

285. This future has very often a conjunctive sense. the reduplicated future it is almost exclusively formed of verbs of the I. conjugation and especially those verbs the radical syllable of which has for terminal sound a guttural, a dental, or an s. The letters joins this terminal sound immediately and assimilates it to itself (§ 54). The method of writing in median sound varies between ss and s. In the later language this future disappears. Paradigms: tíagaim I go, for-tíagaim I help.

286. The 3 sg. of the conjoined flexion has in some instances also lost the radical vowel: do-air, tair veniat (tair also as 2 sg. come), 3 pl. tairset, perf. sg. 3 tairnic (for do-air

anic, § 299); con-éit indulgeat, 1 pl. com-etsam, pres. sg. 3 cometig I; ro ain protegat, 3 pl. ro ainset, pres. sg. 3 no anich I; ar na dich, dig ne veniat, 2 sg. co n-dechais that thou comest, 2 pl. mani digsid, preterite dechaid (§ 302).

287. The following are further safe examples of the S-future (cf. § 320 and § 343):

no tes effugiam, pres. techim, perf. § 295;

cu dusésa (for sés-sa) ut persequar, pres. sg. 3 do-seich; inchoissised significaret, pres. sg. 3 in-chosig, pret. § 266; acht conetis if thou only prayest, pres. cuintgim, pret. § 266; dufi vindicabit, pres. sg. 3 dofich;

co du-dí (vel co midithir) Gloss on ut inducat Ml. 35o, pres. conj. sg. 3 do-da-decha Hy. 5, 81 (?);

iarmid-oised (for foised) who would ask after it, pres. sg. 3 iarma foich, pret. § 266;

cia rosme although we reach, pres. pl. 3 ni rochet;

doindin tradet, doindnisin traderem, pres. do-ind-naich, pret. § 266;

adnaissi sepelies, pres. sec. passive adnicthe sepeliebatur, inf. adnacul;

co tora ut veniat, pres. sg. 3 toraig, pret. 262;

ro sía veniat, pret. ro siacht § 266;

do-fu-thris-se vellem, dúthrais optabis, pres. sg. 3 dúthraic vult (cf. § 79), perf. dep. § 349;

immechoimairsed he would ask, pres. pass. sg. 3 immechomarcar, perf. dep. § 349;

condarias (sg. 1), Gloss on quæ alligare compellor Ml. 21o, pres. con-riug, ligo, cf. § 288;

corríus until I come, ro ís, rís-sa assequar, pres. ru icim, 3 ric, perf. ro anac, ránac § 299;

co tí donec veniat, pl. 3 co tíssat, pres. ticim, perf. § 299;

conís poteris, ma chotísmis si id possemus, pres. sg. 3 con-ic, perf. dep. § 347;

comuir attinget, comairsem attingemus (pres. com-air-ic-); fuirsitis they would find, past pass. furecht inventum est; ni dersid ne deserueritis, pres. ni derig non amittit; nochon erus non surgam, ass-éirset resurgent, pres. éirgim, pret. as-réracht § 266;

atresat surgent, pres. pl. 3 atregat, pret. atracht § 266;
dlessaind I would deserve, pres. dligim;

dofonus-sa lavabo, pres. do-fo-nug (nigim), perf. § 295;
condesat exquirent, pres. con-daig quaerit;

ni sáis ne adeas, pres. saigim;

ro sasat dicent, pres. sg. 3 rel. saiges;

toissed he would swear, ma fris-tossam si abjuraverimus, pres. tong juro;

fulós sustinebo, amal fundló as he will bear it, pres. sg. 3 fo-loing (cf. § 288);

nad fochomolsam quam non sustineamus, perf. fo-coim-lactar pertulerunt;

co chotabosad-si ut vos comminueret (for con-dob-bosad), pres. com-boing confringit, pret. bocht § 266;

arutais-siu reficies, pres. sg. 3 arutaing, past § 266;

ni cuimsimmis we should not be able, pres. sg. 3 cumaing; fum-ré-se he will aid me, pres. cid fo-ruith succurro. in-restais invadere nitebantur Ml. 37a, pres. inréith vastat (cf. § 354b);

istais they would eat, pres. ithim;

fotimdiris suffias, pres. fotimdiriut suffio;

fris-tait opponunt (§ 264c), coni frithtaised ne opponeret;

toethsat, totsat they will fall, dofoethsad he would fall, con

dositis (for dothsitis?) ut caderent, pres. tuitim I fall (for do-fothitim, § 264c);

co n-dárbais ut demonstres, don-aid-bsed that he would show, pres. sg. 3 du-ad-bat demonstrat, pass. tad-badar;

docói veniet, perf. dochóid, -chúaid § 301;

atchous nuntiabo, perf. atchúaid exposuit § 301;

don fe he may lead us, pres. fedim, imme-fedat circumferunt; im-roimset peccabunt, perf. dep. imme-ru-mediar (read -medair) peccavit § 349;

co ingriastais ut persequerentur, pres. sg. 3 in-greinn, perf. $ 295.

288. Some few verbs are known to exist in an S-future with reduplication :

co-riris-siu ligabis, with sg. 1 conda-rias § 287, perf. reraig § 295, pres. con-riug ;

silsimi-ni caedemus, perf. sg. 3 selaig (for seslaig) § 295;

fo-lilsat sustinebunt, beside fo-losat, pres. fo-loing, fulaing tolerat ;

cichset he would go, pres. cingim I, perf. cechaing § 295; memais, commema will fall, break, pl. 3 com-mebsat (for memsat), perf. sg. 3 memaid § 295 (maided clades).

co tarblais thou shalt leap, perf. tarbling, leblaing, pres. lingim (cf. § 45).

The following are less certain: ní chaemais non poteris, ni caemsat non poterunt, with ni cuimsin non possem, pres. cumaing potest.

289. In Old Irish there are no S-futures with retained radical terminal sounds. The forms which seem such are either errors or may be otherwise explained. Instead of hona cumachtaigset quo non sunt potituri (Z. p. 1094 to p. 462, 2) the MS. has hona cumachtaigfet (Ml. 28a, 12, ed. Ascoli); foruraithminset (Gloss on meminisse Z. p. 468, Stokes Goid. p. 26) is an S-pret.