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290. The perfect never occurs in denominative verbs. Most perfects are formed from roots with an intermediate a. Three types may be distinguished: (a) the radical syllable has a short a, and reduplication is either present or dropped; (b) the radical syllable has a long a in the singular (whether it has long a also in the plural is questionable), reduplication is dropped; (c) the radical syllable and the syllable of reduplication are fused into a single syllable with é. Paradigms: canim I cano, gudim III

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291. The first and second persons singular are distinguished by the addition of the augmenting particles sa and su: cechansa cecini, cechan-su cecinisti. The flexion in the pl. 1 and pl. 3 is deponent (cf. the T-past § 265); but isolated forms like gegnait occiderunt (L. U. p. 23, 36) are found beside gegnatar sg. 1 gegon, pres. gonaim. In the pl. 2 a deponent form gains ground also in Middle Irish. Old Irish tancaid venistis (§ 299), Middle Irish tancaibar, Modern Irish tángabhar. In isolated cases absolute forms (§ 259) occur in the plural: cachnaitir cecinerunt, Older Irish cechnatar, tair-cechnatar vaticinati sunt; bátir beside bátar, ro bátar fuerunt; memdaitir they broke ; femmir we slept (§ 295).

292. Those perfects which are formed as (a) cechan have often lost the reduplicative syllable, either without a trace, or after the e in the same had changed the preceding particle ro to roi (19): for-roi-chan praedixit and many others. Some perfects exhibit no trace whatever of the reduplication: adchon-darc vidi, do-chóid venit (§ 302).

293. The vowel of the reduplicative syllable is e, rarely a: fris-racacha speravi, by blending and assimilation from ro-adcecha; later also cachain cecinit, tathaim quievit.

294. The perfect is formed directly from the root: variation according to the conjugation of the present does not exist. Perfects such as: lil adhaesit, dedaig oppressit, prove that the nasal of the presents lenim adhaereo, dengaim opprimo, does not belong to the root. However the median nasal sound has generally passed into the perfect form in radical syllables in nd, nn, in all examples.

295. The following are further examples of perfect forms which join the paradigms (a) cechan:

fo-roi-chlaid effodit, rocechladatar suffoderunt, imperative passive cladar.

dessid consedit, indessid insederat M1. 20a, pl. 3 desetar; in-destetar insiderunt, Ml. 58a (root sad).

arob-rói-nasc despondi enim vos (for ar-fob-), 3 ro nenaisc, pres. fo-naiscim I.

gegon interfeci, 3 gegoin, geoguin, pres. gonaim I, fut. § 280. fiu he slept, pl. 1 femmir, 2 febair, 3 feotar, pres. sg. 3 foaid ($ 56).

do rertatar they ran, pres. rethim, fut. § 287.

memaid broke, pl. 3 memdatar, mebdatar, corraimdetar, fut. § 288.

fochart I threw, 3 fochairt, pl. fochartatar, pres. fo-cheird he throws (cf. § 276).

taich confugit (Ml. 32", written taich), pl. 3 tachatar, pres. techim, fut. § 287.

ad-roi-thach supplicavi, pres. ateoch precor.

ro selach I beat (for sešlach), pret. passive ro slechta destructi fuerunt, fut. § 288.

foselgatar illiverunt, pres. fo-sligim delino.

reraig porrexit, pres. rigim.

con-reraig ligavit, pres. con-riug ligo, fut. § 288.

fonenaig purificavit, pres. do-fo-nug lavo, fut. § 287. ro senaich stillavit (for sesnaig), S-preterite sg. 3 snigis. lelgatar (i. lomraiset L. U. p. 57, 19), pres. lígim lingo (?) (B. of L. in the same text reads fogeltat).

do ommalgg (om- ?) mulxi, pres. bligim § 41.

conrotaig extruxit, pres. cunutgim (for con-ud-tegim). rom ebail me educavit, rott eblatar te educaverunt (L. U. p. 123, 124"), pres. eblim, fut. § 277.

in-roi-grann persecutus sum, ad-roi-gegrannatar persecuti sunt, pres. pl. 3 in-grennat, fut. 287.

roe-glaind didicit, pres. fo-gliunn disco.

ro-sescaind he sprang, pres. scinnim.

sescaing esiluit, pres. scingim.

cechaing he went, pres. cingim, fut. § 288.

leblaing he leaped, pres. lingim § 45, fut. § 288.

do-sephainn pepulit, pl. 3 do-sephnatar, do-roiphnetar, tafnetar, pres. do-sennim (§ 56), toibnim.

dedaig oppressit, pres. dingim, pl. 3 for-dengat opprimunt. combaig confregit (beside bocht § 266), pres. sg. 3 com-boing, fut. § 287.

focoimlactar pertulerunt, pres. fo-loing sustinet, fut. § 287. fris-racacha speravi, acca, conacca vidi, pres. ad-chíu, acciu video, fris-aicet opperiuntur, fut. § 284 and § 346.

do-ro-chair, torchair cecidit, pl. 3 do-ciuchratar (L. U. p. 54a, 5) do-ro-chratar torchratar, pres. arin-chrin interit, pl. 3 hóre arinchrinat quia intereunt.

296. From roots with a as terminal sound are formed: bebe mortuus est (cf. § 303), nachim rind-ar-pai-se quod me non reppulit, pl. innarpatar (cf. § 303), present ind-ar-benim, immrera profectus est, present im raim (used of going to sea.)

297. Of the same formation as (b) ro gád I prayed, pres. gudimm III, is ro scaich, scáig praeteriit, pres. scuchim III. discedo.

298. To (c) adgén cognovi belong of active forms:

ar-ro-chér redemi, sg. 3 do-rad-chiúir redemit, pres. crenim emo, taid-chur redemtio.

ro giuil adhaesit, pres. glenim adhaereo (fut. § 276).
ro taisfeóin demonstravit, pres. tais-fenat demonstrant.
299.

The perfect anac (Skr. ánamça), do anac, tanac I came, is sui generis, present sg. 3 tic, pl. 3 tecat; ro anac, ránac I reach, present sg. 3 ric, pl. 3 recat.

Sg. 1 tánac

2 tánac

3 tánic

Pl. 1 táncammar

2 táncid, later táncaibar

3 táncatar.

Other compounds are: tairnic (do-air-anic) accidit (future § 286); imma-com-arnic (air-anic) dóib they got together, pres. imm-aircet (for -air-icet) conveniunt.

300.

Perfects from roots with i:

lil adhaesit, pl. 3 leltar, pres. lenim, fut. § 276;

rir dedit, as-rir vendidit, pres. as-renat reddunt, fut. § 276; cích ploravit, pres. ciid plorat, pl. 3 cíit.

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do-choad veni, 3 dochóid, chúaid, pl. 3 dochótar, dochúatar, fut. § 287;

ad-chúaid exposuit, pl. 1 ad-cóidemmar tractavimus;

do-rói-gu elegit, doroegu, doráiga, pl. 3 do-roi-gatar, pres. to-gu eligo (root gus), fut. § 276;

ro bá fui, 3 ro bồi, ro bái, rabi, bu, pl. 3 bátar, pres. bíu (root bhū);

ro chúala audivi (§ 74), 3 ro chuale, chúala, pl. 3 ro chualatar, pres. clunim (root clu).

302. The perfect fúar inveni is probably to be dismembered into fu-ar (fu preposition), cf. frith inventum est, perf. pass. § 328; 3 fúair, pl. 1 fúarammar, 3 fúaratar.

The following is inflected like a perfect: lod, dollod I went, 2 dollot (with suffixed t§ 205), 3 luid, dolluid, pl. 1 lodomar, 3 lotar, dollotar, cf. however the infinitive dula, dul to go.

With dochúaid ivit (§ 301) the following are not to be confounded: dechad, deochad, dodeochad ivi, 2 dodeochad, 3 dechuith, dechaid, dodeochaid, pl. 3 dechatar, tuidchetar, but pl. 1 dodechommar irregular (cf. the future § 286).

303. In Later Irish the old perfects are very often changed according to the analogy of the S-preterite, or are replaced by the same: tanacus I came, sg. 2 tanacais (§ 299); dochúadus I came (§ 301); cia ro tóipniset gloss on ce dosefnatar although they hunted him (§ 295); leblingsetar they leaped, tar-blingis he leaped, pres. lingim (§ 295); Modern Irish ro chonnarcas I saw, Old Irish con-darc. So also bebais he died, for the Old Irish bebe (§ 296); co ro innarbsat reppulerunt (§ 296), lilis adhaesit, for Old Irish lil, cichís ploravit, for Old Irish cích (§ 300).

FURTHER TENSE-FORMS.

304. Stokes in his treatises on the Old Irish verb (Beiträge zur Vergl. Sprachf. VI. VII.) was the first to note certain sporadic and in part not completely determined tense-forms. Complete paradigms cannot be set forth.

305. B-preterite (1.c. VII. 31). Serglige Conculand 35 feraib interchanges with ferais he gave. In the same way anaib he remained, beside anais; bruchtaib vomuit, beside brúchtis. Sg. 2 ma ro sellaib i. ma ro sillis if thou hast seen Fél. July 4.

306. D-past (1.c. vII. 17) is up to the present established in only a few and somewhat uncertain examples: damdatar (i. forodmatar) passi sunt, occurs Fel. Oct. 15 in three MSS. and Fel. Prol. 32 (i. ro damsat) in two MSS. (perhaps transposed from dadmatar, § 80).

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