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PURE CHEMICALS and REAGENTS. MICROSCOPIC STAINS. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL APPARATUS We have recently issued a thoroughly Revised and Enlarged Edition of our Price List, and shall be pleased to post you a Copy by return. BURGOYNE BURBIDGES & CO., Coleman Street, Danufacturing Chemists. LONDON, E.C. Specially Introduced at the request of the Medical Faculty. FRY'S MALTED COCOA A Combination of FRY'S Pure Cocoa and ALLEN & HANBURYS' Extract of Malt. THE value of Extract of Malt as a nutritive and restorative agent for delicate and exhausted constitutions is now fully acknowledged by the Profession, the Extract being rich in muscle and fat-forming elements. It promotes, moreover, in a special and peculiar manner, the solution and digestion of all farinaceous foods, and is therefore a valuable remedy in those diseases which arise from an imperfect assimilation of these substances. The presence of the active and valuable constituents of the Malt, unimpaired and in a concentrated form, is secured in ALLEN & HANBURYS' Extract by a very careful selection of the Malt used, and the greatest attention to the temperatures at which the processes of the mashing and subsequent evaporation in vacuo are carried out. An ordinary portion contains more of the active properties of Malt than a pint of the best ale or porter. The combination, therefore, of ALLEN & HANBURYS' Extract of Malt with FRY'S Pure Cocoa Extract supplies to Invalids and all those possessed of weak digestive powers a delicious, refreshing, and invigorating beverage for breakfast, luncheon, or supper. Both of its constituents being highly concentrated, the MALTED COCOA is economical in use, and possesses highly nutritive properties and on this account can be recommended with great confidence to the public. RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. coral reefs. The Agalegas group may also be surveyed, and the nature of its land ascertained. From the Seychelles the Sealark will return to Colombo, while the civilian members of the expedition will spend some months in that group and its vicinity, returning home in January, 1906. The scientific work of the expedition will be of a varied nature. In the first place, the soundings and temperature observations taken by H.M.S. Sealark should settle such questions as the existence or nonexistence of any relatively shallow banks connecting India and South Africa, and also of any bank from Mauritius to the Seychelles. They should also give an accurate knowledge of the rise and relationships of the various Chagos atolls and banks to one another, and show whether they are really isolated by deep sea or arise on some shallow plateau as do the greater number of the Maldive atolls. Incidentally, also, the soundings may reasonably be expected to indicate what changes, if any, have taken place in the reefs and banks since the last surveys. At the same time it is hoped to examine the currents at various depths, so as to see as far as possible the actual influences at work. In the same connection an investigation has already been commenced on the waters of the Indian Ocean. By the kind assistance of the Meteorological Council, cases of bottles have been sent out to many captains of the British India, P. and O., Orient, Bibby, Clan, and other lines for daily samples of the surface waters, while the expedition itself will obtain samples both from the surface and from various depths during the whole of its sojourn in the Indian Ocean. Mr. D. Matthews, English hydrographer to the North Sea investigation, has undertaken the analyses of these samples, and it is hoped that by continuing the collection for twelve months a more accurate knowledge may be obtained of the movements of the waters of the Indian Ocean. In meteorology a careful log and graphic records will be kept, which, coming from such a little known region, should be useful for comparison with the more regular steamer routes. In biology, the expedition will everywhere take samples of the bottom and of the pelagic fauna at various depths. The coral reefs will be examined, both surfaces and slopes, while the currents and other factors, possibly influencing the same, will be carefully investigated. The dredges and trawls will be let down as frequently as possible, both to ascertain the general characters of the bottom off the islands and banks, and also to sample the flora and fauna. The deep-sea fauna will not be collected, work being for the most part devoted to intermediate depths (50 to 500 fathoms), within which light tails off into absolute darkness. At the same time, the fauna at lesser depths, both in the Chagos and Seychelles, will be investigated as completely as possible. By these means some clear idea should be obtained of the vertical distributions of both animals and plants, and the comparisons of the marine fauna and flora of the Seychelles and Chagos, together and with those of the surrounding slopes of the Indian Ocean, should at least illuminate the question as to how far the horizontal distribution of such is of value in tracing the former connections of continents and lands. The land flora and fauna can scarcely be expected to be of great interest-it will not at present be attempted in the Seychelles--but it will nevertheless be collected in view of the gradual peopling of oceanic islands. On the whole, this most recent British exploring expedition may be said to be conceived in the interests, not of one, but of many sciences, and all who sympathise with the advancement of knowledge may be grateful to the Admiralty for detailing a vessel for such work. The hydrographic results alone should more than justify the dispatch of H.M.S. Sealark, while any discovery which may be made of the laws which govern the formation and growth of coral and other reefs-and to which we seem to be tendingwould make navigation in tropical waters appreciably safer. The scientific members of the expedition have been required to find all the extra gear and instruments necessary for their work. In this they have been materially assisted by grants from the British Association and from the Balfour memorial fund at Cambridge; but the bulk of the expense has been undertaken by the Trust recently founded by Mrs. Percy Sladen in memory of her late husband-to whom, it is felt, the objects of this expedition would have very closely appealed, and whose name will appropriately appear upon the publications issued as a result of the investigation. THE INDIAN EARTHQUAKE OF APRIL 4. A LARGE part of north-western India was severely shaken by an earthquake which occurred on April 4, shortly after six o'clock in the morning, causing the destruction of numerous buildings and the loss of many lives-the number being estimated at twenty thousand. The last great earthquake in India, in June, 1897, was one of the most violent of which there is any historical record, but the casualties and damage due to that disturbance were comparatively small, because the earthquake occurred at five o'clock in the afternoon, when many people were out of doors, and there were no large cities within the area of maximum violence. In the case of the earthquake on April 4, most people were indoors at the time of the shock, and the area of greatest disturbance included, unfortunately, several centres where fairly large towns have grown up, chiefly round the official settlements, cantonments, and sanatoria of the British Government. Dharmsala, Dalhousie, Simla with several neighbouring cantonments, Mussoorie, Dehra Dun, Almora, Ranikhet, and Naini Tal are the chief of these; and the many substantial stone buildings in them have naturally suffered much damage from the earthquake shocks. The reports so far available show that the earthquake, like that of other great disturbances of the same kind, was of Himalayan origin, the centre being about Dharmsala. Its intensity decreased through the Punjab and the United Provinces, while from Rajputana to the north it decreased rapidly. There appears to have been no wide extension of the disturbance towards Assam or Afghanistan, but information from the west is very imperfect. The whole area where serious damage is known to have been done is included within a line drawn from Shahpur through Kangra to Jawalamukhi, thence east to Sujanpur, and then to Baijnath; but what occurred eastwards of this area is not known. It is clear from the Viceroy's telegrams that the towns of Dharmsala, Kangra, and Palampur are virtually destroyed, that the loss of life has been very great, and that the full measure of catastrophe, owing to difficulty of communication, cannot be ascertained for some time. The King has sent to the Viceroy a telegram expressing his " profound concern at the news of the calamity which has befallen Lahore and surrounding district," and a message of sympathy with all who have suffered from the earthquake has been sent by the Prince and Princess of Wales. No news about the earthquake has been received 564 from the regions north of Kashmir, but two days was The earthquake was clearly registered by the seismograph in the observatory at Göttingen, and a record was also obtained at the Royal Observatory, some very Edinburgh. The record began with minute tremors about 1 a.m., while the larger waves began about eight minutes later. The maximum and was 1.30, recorded about disturbance followed by one of almost equal severity a minute and a half later. From that point the tremors were The difference of gradually reduced until 4.43 a.m. time between Edinburgh and Dharmsala is about five hours. Seismograms recording the earthquake were also obtained by Prof. Milne at Shide, Isle of Wight, and at the hydrographic station at Pola. A severe earthquake shock, lasting six seconds, was felt at Benevento, Italy, at 8.20 p.m. on April 9, and fresh shocks were experienced at Simla on April 10 and II. The following particulars of the effects produced by the earthquake in various parts of India have been extracted from the extensive reports which have appeared in the daily papers. Dharmsala.-All houses and buildings throughout the entire station, including cantonment and bazaars, totally destroyed, with loss of many lives. About 80 per cent. of the population killed or injured, and from 20 per cent. to 30 per cent. in the neighbouring villages. Kangra Valley.-Kangra and Jowala Mukhi and other villages in Kangra Valley reported totally destroyed, and Every building, without excepmany hundred lives lost. Of a total popution, in Kangra and Bhawan in ruins. lation of nearly 5000 in Kangra town it is believed that only about 500 remain alive. Similar state of affairs in most other villages in the neighbourhood. At Palampur, in the Kangra district, all the houses, including the Government buildings, reported totally destroyed, and many hundred lives lost. Lahore. A succession of violent shocks caused a panic. The inhabitants rushed from their houses to seek safety in the open. Almost every house suffered by the earthquake, and much serious damage was done to public and private property, and twenty-five people were killed. The shock created an extraordinary uproar at the zoological gardens. The shrieks of the pea-fowls were heard all over the station, while crows and other birds flew in alarm from the swaying trees. Mussooree suffered severely. Two slight shocks were A succession of shocks felt during the night of April 3. began at 6.10 a.m. on April 4, the first, which lasted three In all eleven shocks were minutes, being the severest. felt. Every house in the city more or less injured. Several small landslips occurred, and many casualties reported. This is the fourth severe earthquake that has happened at Mussooree, and the second worst as regards its effects. Four or five slight shocks were felt during the night of April 4-5. Kashmir.-Communication interrupted by landslips and accidents to telegraph lines. Slight tremors appear to have been recorded at Calcutta and Bombay, but no decided disturbance was felt. PROF. PIETRO TACCHINI. as THE so industriously cannot but prove of eminent service. To a solar observer of such ardour, eclipses of the sun especially appealed, and he took part in several He was expeditions to observe these phenomena. ated himself with the French party organised by present on the Caroline Island reef, where he assocJanssen. Again in Egypt, and later on in 1886, he visited the American continent for the purpose of observing the great eclipse in that year. On this occasion he showed, by comparing the forms and appearances of the prominences seen during the eclipse with the images ordinarily seen in the spectroscope, that it is only the vaporous cores of the are rendered visible by the usual objects which In many other ways he methods of observation. a spectroscopist, but showed not only his skill as his anxiety to promote astronomical knowledge. Hi laboured long and diligently in the cause of science. Simla.-Much damage done to buildings. The Viceand left a reputation that his countrymen will cherish. regal Lodge is so badly damaged that the re-building will while his memory will be held in esteem by the He was elected a Other estate houses have been Occupy several months. astronomers of many nations. Delhi.--The shock was severely felt, seriously damaged. and damage was done to buildings, but no reports of injury foreign member of the Royal Society in 1891, and was awarded the Rumford medal of the society. A further shock occurred at midnight on to monuments. shock lasting also a foreign associate of the Royal Astronomical violent Agra.-A April 4-5. minutes, and travelling from west to east, was experienced Society in 1883, and many other societies have been among those of their proud to enrol his at 6.10 a.m. No reports of injury to architectural monuhonoured fellows. The progress of solar physics is largely due to Prof. Tacchini's unremitting labours: and the numerous papers published by him on solar phenomena stand as an enduring monument of work done by a pione in a fruitful field of scientific inquiry. ments. several Amritsar.-Extensive Jalandhar.-Much damage done. damage, and several lives lost. of houses thrown down. Srinager.-Much damage, and Sialkot.several lives lost. Not a house escaped damage of some sort, but no lives but no deaths. damaged, løst. Mudki.-Serious damage. Dalhousie.-Property name He was NOTES. WE are glad to see the report that Lord Kelvin's condition continues to improve. It was stated on Monday that he now takes nourishment fairly well, and that his medical advisers are well satisfied with the progress he is making. It is expected that he will be able to leave his bed in about a fortnight's time. THE Irish branch of the Geological Survey has been transferred from the Board of Education to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The work will be carried on under the immediate direction of Prof. G. A. J. Cole. WE regret to learn that Mr. H. B. Medlicott, F.R.S., formerly director of the Geological Survey of India, 18761887, died on April 6, at seventy-six years of age. AMONG the portraits recently added to the National Portrait Gallery are those of Sir Charles Lyell, painted by Lowes Dickinson, Charles Darwin, and Prof. W. Whewell. REUTER'S Agency is informed that the Duc d'Orléans has organised a North Polar expedition, which will leave for the Arctic under the Duc's personal leadership next month. For the purposes of the expedition the Belgica, the vessel of the recent Belgian Antarctic Expedition, has been secured, together with the services of Lieut. Gerlache, who will again command the ship on the present occasion. The object of the expedition is not to reach the North Pole, and, according to present arrangements, the Duc will not winter in the Arctic, although the Belgica will be provisioned for the event of her being closed in by the ice. The expedition will leave Norway probably on May 1 and proceed direct to Franz Josef Land, where it is believed that an attempt will be made to push northwards by way of a new channel. The Duc's staff will include some French men of science and a number of Norwegian sailors. AT the annual meeting of the Australasian Ornithologists' Union, held at the end of last year, Captain F. W. Hutton, F.R.S., submitted a presidential address dealing with some interesting problems in connection with New Zealand's avifauna. The evidence he has obtained during his years of research leads him to think that the ancestors of many New Zealand birds went south along a land ridge which connected New Zealand with New Caledonia and New Guinea, probably in the early Eocene period. New Zealand ornithologists, Captain Hutton pointed out, have special advantages for studying the effects of the absence of enemies on development, and New Zealand itself offers more examples of degeneration in the wings of birds than does any other country in the world. PROF. J. MACMILLAN BROWN, of Christchurch, New Zealand, recently paid a visit to the Maoris who live in the fastnesses of the great King country and Urewera country, in the heart of the North Island of New Zealand. He went specially to visit the " Uru-kehu,' or red-headed Maoris, who are often seen in those districts. He had previously come to the conclusion that the Maoris' ancestors, in their migrations, crossed with a white race, and he informed a representative of the Lyttelton Times that his visit has strengthened his opinion. He states that in one assembly at which he was present at least 25 per cent. of the children had brown, or even flaxen, hair, a complexion which resembled that of the Italians, and fine European features. DR. W. J. HOLLAND, director of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, has arrived in London for the purpose of superintending the setting-up of the plaster model of the skeleton of the gigantic herbivorous dinosaur Diplodocus carnegii, presented by Mr. Andrew Carnegie to the British (Natural History) Museum. The restoration, which is described by the late Mr. J. B. Hatcher in No. 1 of the Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, is mainly based upon two incomplete skeletons discovered respectively in 1899 and 1900 in the Upper Jurassic beds of Sheep Creek, Albany County, Wyoming. As restored, the skeleton is specifically distinct from the typical Diplodocus longus may nearly 80 feet in length. Whether this dinosaur is really be a question. DURING a violent thunderstorm on March 31 the second pyramid of Ghizeh was struck by lightning slightly below the apex of the monument. Several of the immense stones of which the pyramid is built were dislodged and rolled down the sides to the sands below. The storm was the most violent experienced in Egypt for the past fifteen years. This is the first recorded instance of any of the pyramids having been struck by lightning. It is announced in Science that the first John Fritz gold medal will be conferred upon Lord Kelvin. This medal is awarded by a joint committee of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Institute of Mining Engineers to the man most representative of, and eminent in, scientific advance in the engineering field. THE following are the lecture arrangements at the Royal Institution after Easter :-Prof. L. C. Miall, three lectures on the study of extinct animals; Sir James Dewar, three lectures on flame; Prof. J. A. Fleming, three lectures on electromagnetic waves (the Tyndall lectures): Prof. H. Marshall Ward, two lectures on moulds and mouldiness; Dr. J. G. Frazer, two lectures on the evolution of the kingship in early society; and Mr. A. H. Savage Landor, two lectures on exploration in the Philippines. The Friday evening meetings will be resumed on May 5, when a discourse will be delivered by Prof. H. E. Armstrong on problems underlying nutrition. A BRANCH of L'Alliance Française, an association for the spread of the French language, is to be established in London and Paris under the title of Alliance littéraire, scientifique et artistique Franco-Anglaise." Information as to membership of the new association can be obtained from 186 Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris. The first soirée will take place in London in the course of the present month. The presidents of the association are M. Paul Delombre, previously Minister for Commerce, and M. Pierre Foucin, Inspecteur-Général de l'Instruction publique. Among those who have promised their support to the new society are Lord Avebury, Sir William Crookes, Sir Archibald Geikie, Sir Oliver Lodge, Prof. Meldola, Sir William Ramsay, Sir Henry Roscoe, and Sir William White. THE Times correspondent at Athens reports that the proceedings in connection with the Archæological Congress began on April 7 with a reception at the university, at which the King and the Crown Prince were present. The opening ceremony took place at the Parthenon under the presidency of the Crown Prince, the King and Queen being also present. On April 8 Prof. Lambros delivered an address of welcome, recapitulating the achievements of foreign and Greek research in recent years. The ceremony of inauguration of the Penrose Memorial Library took place on April 8 in the British School. The King and Queen and all the members of the Royal family were |