this period, also, the surgeons of Paris attempted to introduce a new body into the academy of the university, having obtained from Henry III. letters patent authorizing them to deliver public lectures at Paris and elsewhere, on the science of surgery. These letters, however, were not confirmed by parliament, yet they were acted upon under the support of the pope, Gregory XIII. Baillou opposed these proceedings, and ultimately succeeded in confining the delivery of the lectures to the regular professors of the university.

In 1601 Baillou was made physician to the dauphin; but preferring domestic privacy to the gaieties of the court, he retired to compose the work which he had in contemplation to publish. He had studied under Houllier, Fernel, and Duret, and in his profession he adopted the methods and doctrines of the great master of physic Hippocrates, and he has by some been looked upon as having rather too blindly adhered to the authority of the ancients. He was, however, an accurate observer, and his descriptions of disease are given with great power and ability. He was an able orator, powerful in discussion, and was styled "the scourge of the bachelors." He must be remembered with respect as having been the chief instrument in abolishing the Arabian system of medicine then prevalent in the university of Paris, and restoring that of the Greeks, directing the attention of the profession to the manifestations of disease as exhibited at the bed-side of the patients, rather than indulging in theories and reveries, the bases of which were not to be found in nature. The writings of Baillou display his great knowledge of the Greek language, and are rather embarrassed by his learning. Neither was he entirely exempt from the prevailing opinion of his day as to the influence of the stars and heavenly bodies over the diseases of mankind; but this opinion led him to some important inquiries into the constitution of the atmosphere, the varieties of climate, and the value of meteorological observations, afterwards so well displayed in their operation in the production of epidemic diseases by the celebrated Sydenham. Baillou's works were not published till after his decease, which took place in 1616, at which time he was the most ancient member of the faculty of Paris. His manuscripts were bequeathed to his nephews, and the following were published: - Consiliorum Medicinalium, lib. i. ii. iii., Paris, 1635—

1649, 4to.

Definitionum Medicinalium Liber, ib. 1639, 4to. Epidemiorum et Ephemeridum lib. ii. ib. 1640, 4to. Commentarius in Libellum Theophrasti de Vertigine, ib. 1640, 4to. De Convulsionibus Libellus, ib. 1640, 4to. Liber de Rheumatismo et Pleuritide Dorsali, ib. 1642, 4to. De Virginum et Mulierum Morbis Liber, ib. 1643, 4to. Opuscula Medica de Arthritide, de Calculo, et Urinarum Hypotasi, ib. 1643, 4to. Adversaria Medicinalia, ib. 1643, 4to. The whole of these works have been collected together and published as Opera Omnia, at Paris, 1635, 1640, 1643, and 1649, in 4 vols, 4to; also at Venice, 1734, 1735, and 1736, 4to; and at Geneva, 1762, 4to. An abridgement has also been published by Bonetus at Geneva, 1668, 12mo, 1687, 4to, and at Venice, 1734, 4to.

BAILLU, also called BAILLIEU, and BALLIU, (Pierre de,) an engraver, who flourished at Antwerp about 1640. He studied at Rome, and 'after his return to his native place he gained considerable reputation by his prints after Rubens, Vandyk, Carlona, Guido, Annibal Carrachi, and other great masters. A St. Athanasius after Rembrandt has been particularly admired. (Biog. Univ.)

BAILLY, (David,) a Dutch painter and engraver, born at Leyden, in 1588. He had various masters in painting, amongst whom, Cornelius van der Voort was the most conspicuous. As an engraver, he received instruction from I. de Gheyn, whose style he imitated. Bailly travelled much in Italy; and after his return, the duke of Brunswick offered him a situation, which he declined, and settled in Leyden. His portraits, especially those drawn with the pen, are much admired. (Fiorillo, D. iii. 106. Brulliot, Dict. des Monogr.)

BAILLY, (Jacques, 1701-1768,) a French painter, native of Versailles, most celebrated as the father of the eminent mathematician of this name. He was painter and keeper of pictures to the king; and was also a rather fertile author of small dramatic pieces. (Biog. Univ.)

BAILLY, (Jean Silvain,) a distinguished astronomer, honorary keeper of the king's pictures, member of the Academy of Sciences, of the French Academy, and of the Academy of Inscriptions. The life of this distinguished man presents two very distinct parts: the former, devoted to the study of literature and science, was tranquil, happy, and honoured; the

latter, devoted to public affairs, was full of troubles and misfortunes, and was terminated on the scaffold. Bailly was born at Paris, the 15th of September, 1736. His father, who was keeper of the king's pictures, destined him for a painter; but his natural inclination led him to literary studies. His first productions were in poetry, and he composed several tragedies, which have, however, not been published. His connexions in society having given him an opportunity of meeting l'Abbé de Lacaille, he soon attached himself to this illustrious astronomer, whose friendship, instructions, and more especially his example, attracted him to astronomy. He learned the art of observing under this distinguished astronomer, and in the year 1762 he presented to the Academy of Sciences, Observations on the Moon, which he had calculated under Lacaille's direction. He calculated also the orbit of the comet of 1759, the return of which had for some time occupied the attention of astronomers. The same year he published the computation of a great number of observations on zodiacal stars, made by Lacaille in the preceding years:--which work this great astronomer had pursued with so much assiduity that it had cost him his life. About this epoch Bailly undertook his great work on the satellites of Jupiter. The Academy of Sciences having proposed this theory as the subject for the prize, in 1764, Bailly hastened the completion of his investigations, and published them in 1766, under the title of an Essay on the Theory of the Satellites of Jupiter, with Tables of their Motions, 1 vol. 4to. The prize was gained by Lagrange; but Bailly, who had employed a less profound analysis than his great competitor, had, however, the satisfaction of seeing many of the inequalities that he had discovered, confirmed. In 1771 he published a memoir on the light reflected by these same satellites in their different situations around Jupiter, and according to the various distances of Jupiter from His method of measuring the intensity of this light was very ingenious. Hitherto we have regarded Bailly only as a laborious astronomer, employed in difficult calculations and delicate observations: but, in the midst of these labours his love for literature did not forsake him; and this taste, which was destined to procure him the most solid part of his glory, was then his sweetest recreation. He became candidate for the éloge of Charles V., proposed by the French

the sun.

academy, and his treatise was honourably distinguished; he composed also the éloge of Pierre Corneille; that of Leibnitz, which gained the prize offered by the academy of Berlin; that of Molière, which obtained a second prize at the French academy; lastly, those of Cook, De Gresset, and Lacaille, who had been his master and his friend.

Though these latter works may indicate more of solidity than of imagination, and more research than elegance, yet, viewed as the amusements of a learned man absorbed in profound researches, they do honour to Bailly. Encouraged by these first attempts, he sought in the sciences a subject which, by submitting to the ornaments of style, might secure to him that literary reputation which he seemed so intensely to covet; and he undertook to write the history of astronomy. In 1775 he published the first volume of his Histoire de l'Astronomie; the four others appearing successively in the following years. This work, though written with elegance, and in an animated style, is more remarkable for bold and unauthorized conjecture, than for any of the qualities which ought to distinguish a work on history, and especially on the history of science. It is now, in fact, only known to those who are curious in bibliographical history and the history of authors. This work led to a controversy with Voltaire, and the publication by Bailly of his Lettres sur l'Origine des Sciences et sur l'Atlantide de Platon.

The reputation, however, acquired by his various works, as a learned and literary man, rendered him desirable as a member of the French academy, who received him among their number the 26th of February, 1784. The same year he was appointed one of the commissioners for the examination of the unscrupulous pretensions of Mesmer to the cure of all diseases by means of animal magnetism, which was then exciting considerable attention, not only in France, but throughout Europe, and which was even patronised by Louis XVI. and his court. Bailly drew up the report; but, for fear of offending the king, the académie obsequiously forbore to publish it at that time. It has, however, since been made public, and manifests much sagacity and discrimination, as well as a fearless grappling with all the questions at issue.

In the following year, 1785, Bailly was admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres; which he

before the revolutionary tribunal, condemned to death the 11th, and executed the 12th of the same month. The accusations against him were, the affair of the Champ-de-Mars, and alleged conspiracies with the royal family. This last charge was founded on the fact of his having been summoned as a witness on the trial of the queen. Bailly had the courage to declare that the accusations brought against this princess were false and calumnious. He was then led to execution, under the most wanton aggravations of cruelty, even in those days of blood and carnage. Behind the cart in which he was carried to execution was fastened the red flag which he had himself unfurled at the Champ-de-Mars, and a group of the canaille followed him with fiendlike yells and vociferations, whilst a cold and penetrating rain chilled the head and breast of the stricken old man. Being arrived at the Place de Révolution, it was decreed that he should die on the Champ-de-Mars, where he had proclaimed the martial law; the scaffold was taken from the cart, and he was dragged after it. At the Champ-de-Mars the flag was burnt in his presence, and waved, all flaming, in his face. Overcome with such fatigue and cruelty he fainted, but when restored to his senses, he demanded with a calm and haughty air that they should put an end to his sufferings. As his limbs, benumbed by cold and rain, shook with an involuntary ague " You tremble, Bailly," said one of his executioners. Yes, I tremble," said the old man, "but it is with cold." At last, when he thought death at hand, a new refinement of cruelty displaced the scaffold once more, lest the sacred bosom of the Champ-de-Mars should be defiled with the blood of so heinous a criminal. The guillotine was then placed on a dunghill; he ascended it, and, at last, the axe was efficiently employed to end his sufferings. His widow, after his death, was left in the most extreme indigence.

Two posthumous works of Bailly have been published; one is, an Essay on the Origin of Fables and of Ancient Religions; the other, a kind of Journal of his conduct in the earlier part of the revolution, this last bearing evident marks of having been written for his own exclusive use and reference. The works of Bailly are the following: 1. Essai sur la Théorie des Satellites de Jupiter, with tables of Jupiter, by Jeaurat, 1766, 4to. 2. Histoire de l'Astronomie Ancienne, depuis son origine, jusqu'à l établissement

d'Alexandrie, 1775, 4to. 3. Lettres sur l'Origine des Sciences, et sur celle des Peuples d'Asie, 1777, 8vo. 4. Lettre sur l'Atlantide de Platon, 1779, 8vo. 5. Histoire de l'Astronomie Moderne (to 1781), Paris, 1778-83, 5 vols, 4to. A volume in continuation of this work was subsequently published by M. Voiron. Victor Comeyras has made an abridgement of the Histoires de l'Astronomie Ancienne et Moderne, 1806, 2 vols, 8vo; Lalande has given in the continuation of his Bibliographie Astronomique, Une Histoire abrégé de l'Astronomie de 1781 à 1802. This is a supplement to Bailly's work; M. Voiron has since published l'Histoire de l'Astronomie, depuis 1781 jusqu'à 1811, pour servir de Suite à l'Histoire de l'Astronomie de Bailly, Paris, 1811, 4to. 6. Histoire de l'Astronomie Indienne et Orientale, 1787, 4to, rare. 7. Discours de Réception à l'Académie Française, 1784, 4to. 8. Rapport des Commissaires chargés par l'Académie des Sciences de l'Examen du Magnétisme Animal, 1784, 4to. 9. Rapport Secret sur le Mesmerisme (dans le Conservation de M. François de Neuf-Chateau, an VIII., 2 vols, 8vo.) 10. Rapport des Commissaires chargés par l'Académie des Sciences de l'Examen du Projet d'un nouvel HôtelDieu, 1787, 4to. 11. Procès verbal des Séances et Déliberations de l'Assemblée Générale des Electeurs de Paris, 1790, 3 vols, 8vo, with M. Daveyrier. Eloges de Charles V., de Molière, de Corneille, de l'Abbé Lacaille, et de Leibnitz, 1770, 8vo. 13. Discours et Mémoires, 1790, 2 vols, 8vo. Among the Eloges which form the preceding volume are, one on Cook, the reports on animal magnetism, and on the hospitals, a memoir on massacre, &c. 14. Eloge de Gresset, Geneva, 1785, 8vo. 15. Essai sur les Fables et sur leur Histoire, 1798, 2 vols, 8vo; a posthumous work which the author had composed in 1781 and 1782. 16. Mémoires d'un Témoin de la Révolution, ou Journal des Faits qui se sont passés sous ses yeux, et qui ont préparé et fixé la Constitution Française, (de 1791,) Paris, 1804, 3 vols, 8vo, a posthumous work. These memoirs extend only to 2d October, 1789. 17. Recueil de Pièces intéressantes sur les Arts, les Sciences, et la Littérature, a posthumous work, 1810, 8vo. These include, Les Vies des Peintres Allemands, and some performances of little interest, both prose and verse. The editor (Cubières Palmezeaux) has added, in his own style, a private literary and political life of Bailly.

12.

These two last however were not intended for publication. 18. Justification de Bailly, par Lui-même, dans le tom. ii. des Procès Fameux. We need not remark that the Conversation de Louis XVI. avec Bailly, inserted in the Anecdotes Inédites, 1801, Svo, is altogether apocryphal.

BAILLY, (Louis,) a French theologian, born at Bligny, near Beaune, in 1730, the author of several works, chiefly written in Latin. The breaking out of the revolution obliged him to take refuge in Switzerland. He died at Beaune in 1808. (Biog. Univ.)

BAILLY, (Antoine Denis,) born at Besançon in 1749, a very intelligent French printer, who was chief overseer of the office of the celebrated Didot, and overlooked the impression of most of the splendid works which bear that printer's name. Bailly was much respected by the men of letters of his day, and enjoyed the constant friendship of the duc de Nivernais. He had collected a valuable library, which he was obliged to sell by auction in 1800. The date of his death is not known, but he was alive in 1815. Two books are attributed to him by the writers of the Biog. Univ. (Suppl.)

BAILLY, (Edmonde Louis Barthélemy,) born at Troyes in 1760, and generally named Bailly de Juilly, as having been a distinguished professor at the celebrated college at that place. He was a very active member of the National Convention, but distinguished by his moderation and by his constant opposition to the violent party, on which account he was more than once denounced as a royalist. He had a great share in the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, which placed the power in the hands of Napoleon, by whom he was immediately appointed prefect of the department of the Lot. In 1813, he was deprived of his office for some disorder which he had allowed to creep into the administration, and lived in retirement till 1819, when he died in consequence of injuries received by the overthrowing of the diligence in which he was travelling. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAILLY, (Joseph,) a French army surgeon, born at Besançon, in 1779, where he died in 1832. In 1798, he was attached to the army of the Grisons. In 1801, he embarked for Egypt on board the Indivisible; but returning without having been able to effect a landing, he was sent to St. Domingo, where he became prisoner to the English at the capture of Jacmel. From thence

he went to the United States; whence returning to France, he was employed with the army in the disastrous invasion of Russia, and was made prisoner with the garrison of Dresden, when that city capitulated to the allies. After the restoration, he was attached to the hospital at Besançon. In 1823, he accompanied the army into Spain. He wrote several pamphlets on scientific subjects, and published some works on Spain, and one on St. Domingo. Some of his essays will be found in the Annales des Voyages. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAILLY DE LA RIVIERE, (Roch le,) better known as La Rivière, was a physician of the sixteenth century, strongly attached to the fallacies of Paracelsus. He was born at Falaise, in Normandy, and attracted attention by the extent of his learning in the belles lettres, in philosophy, and in medicine. He was appointed physician in ordinary to Henry IV.; and after encountering many difficulties created by his particular opinions, and being obliged to renounce some of his doctrines, he died at Paris, Nov. 5, 1605. M. Carrère has related some of the peculiarities of this physician, not the least remarkable of which is his conduct at the time of his decease. Confident of his approaching dissolution, he in succession called to him all his servants, and to them he presented various sums of money, pieces of plate, furniture, &c. with an injunction to each, immediately to depart and never to behold him again. In this way he disposed of all his goods; and being then visited by his medical friends, he desired them to call his domestics, upon which he learnt that none of them had been seen, that the door was open, the house deserted and empty. He then addressed his physician, saying, it was now time he should depart, since he had nothing remaining but the bed upon which he was lying, and soon after he died. His works are not held in much estimation. They are-Demosterion, seu Aphorismi CCC, continentes summam doctrinæ Paracelsicæ. Paris, 1578, 8vo. It was translated into French, and published at Rennes in the same year, with another treatise by the same author, entitled, Sur les Antiquités de la Bretagne Armɔrique. Responsio ad Questiones propositas à Medicis Parisiensibus. Paris, 1579, 8vo. Discours des Interrogatoires, &c. Ib. Sommaire de Défense, &c. ib. De Peste Tractatus. Paris, 1580, 8vo. Also in French. Premier Traité de