599.

of Hy, and died on the 9th of January, He wrote a life of St. Columb in Irish verse, and some prophecies.

BAPHOMETUS, the name of a mystic personage, of whom the mention is very much spread in the books and documents of the Gnostics, Templars, and Freemasons of the middle ages. Some suppose it to be meant for Mahommedbut this is very problematical. (Hammer, Mines de l'Orient.)

BAPST, (Michael,) a German physician of the sixteenth century, who composed a work on surgery, under the title, Neues Arznei-Kunst und Wunder buch, in 3 vols, of which there were several editions, the volumes of the first edition bearing date respectively, 1590, 1592, and 1596. He also published, in 1601, a treatise on the virtues of juniper, Juniperetum, oder Wachholder-Garten, which was twice reprinted in the seventeenth century. (Biog. Univ.)

BAPTISTA, (Monsfeltria,) of the family of the Pisan princes of Malatesta. She was a nun of St. Clara, and died in 1447. Contemporaneous authors speak highly of her learning and religious inspiration, and she had several times to say prayers before the emperor Sigismund and pope Eugenius. She wrote, Oratio in laudem Martini V. papæ; De vera religione; De humanæ conditionis fragilitate; and being in correspondence with many distinguished men of her age, the Epistolæ written by her are also much extolled. (Waddingus, p. 46. Fabricius.) BAPTISTA, (John,) a musical composer, lived about 1550. Some of his works are found in Ammerbach's Orgel und Instrumental Tabulatur, Leipzig, 1571. (Gerber, Marpurg Krit. Briefe.) BAPTISTA, (de Salis, or de Rosellis,) a native of the province of Genoa, a Minorite friar. He wrote, Summa Rosella, seu opus de casibus et consiliis ad animam pertinentibus, Paris, 1499. (Trithemius.)

BAPTISTA, (Trovamala,) a Minorite friar, who is by some (as Labbeus) considered the same as the preceding; by others (as Waddingus) to be a distinct person. A work entitled Baptistiniana was published at Rome, 1479; Augst, 1484; Norimberg, 1488, &c. (Fabricii Bibl. Lat. Med. Æv.)

BAPTISTA, (Johann,) court painter to the elector Joachim of Brandenburg. He painted, in 1571, the Electress Catharine, and passed at this period, also, much of his time at Cüstrin, where he painted the celebrated Thurneisser, as

appears from one of his letters. He signed himself, fürstlich Pommerscher Konterfait mahler; in fact, he was the first regularly salaried painter of that court. (Nicolai's Nachrichten von Künstlern Berlins.)

BAPTISTA, (Frade Joao,) of the convent of St. Francisco, at Bahia dos todos os Santos, in the Brazils. This convent being founded in 1587-1594, he became the first provincial of it, and contributed much towards the prosperity of it, as well as of that of Nossa Senhora das Neves in Pernambuco. He wrote, Ramalhete de Flores d'Italia, a spiritual work of some value, preserved in the library of Bahia.

BAPTISTA, (Frade Francesco,) born about 1600, in Alentejo. He was a disciple of Antonio Pinheiro, and became an Augustine friar, and master of music, in a convent at Cordova. He was considered one of the most profound and excellent composers of his age; and (according to Machado, Bibl. Lusit.) some of his works are carefully preserved in the royal library of Lisbon. (Schilling, Lexic. des Tonkunst.)

BAPTISTA, (Fr. Joao de S. Antonio,) born at St. Miguel dos Gemeos in Portugal, in 1683. He distinguished himself by procuring a final decision in a dispute, which took place between the monastery of Madre de Deos de Guimaraens and the archbishop Ruy de Maura Telles. In 1720 he was named vice-comissario and procurador-general of the holy places in Palestine. His unwearied exertions obtained much assistance from Portugal and its colonies, towards the maintenance of these revered shrines. He wrote a History of the Holy Sepulchre, compiled not only from authentic relations, which he obtained from the different convents of the Holy Land, but taken from sources, as well MS. as printed, many of which are supposed to have been burnt in the conflagration of the Franciscan convent at Lisbon, 30th November, 1741. The titles of his curious works are, Paraizo Serafico plantado nos lugares da Redempção-guardado pelos filhos do Patriarcha S. Francisco con a espada de seu ardente zelo, repartido em outo estancias nas quais se descrevem os principais sanctuarios em que residem os Religiosos Franciscanos, part i. Lisboa, 1737, fol. A Guerra Sacra até a tomada de Jerusalem; o estado do governo de suis Reys até Guido de Lusignano, e perda da Santa Cidade; motivos desta perda; Vaticinios do Restaurador dos Santos Lugares o Santo P. S. Francisco,

santos

&c., ibid. 1741, fol. (Machado, Bibl. Lusit.)

BAPTISTA, (Padre Joao,) born in Setubal in Portugal. He studied in the congregation of the oratorio at Lisbon, and took the habit of St. Philippus Neri in 1724. Having perfected himself under P. Estacio de Almeyda, chronist of the kingdom, he began to study Descartes and Newton, and was the first who lectured in Portugal on modern philosophy, altogether neglected there previous to his time. In the reading of the fathers, especially of St. Augustine, he was so assiduous, as to be able to repeat whole pages of the latter. He published in 1746, at the office of the Royal Academy, Philosophiæ Aristotelicæ restitutæ, et illustratæ qua Experimentis, qua Ratiociniis recenter inventis. fol. He wrote also several other works. BAPTISTA, (Frade Joao,) his family name being Delgado, born at Tavira in Portugal. He became early an Augustin friar in Evora, and was much distinguished for his learning and talents. He was on that account sent by his superiors to the missions of St. Thome, Ilha do Principe, and Annobom on the coast of Africa, and then to Bahia dos todos os Santos in the Brazils, where he founded the hospital de Nossa Senhora da Palma. Several sermons, which he had preached on festival occasions in the Brazils, were printed at Lisbon in 1709 and 1716.

BAPTISTE, AINE, a distinguished French comedian. His excessive size and a nasal tone placed him, at first, in a disadvantageous position: still he became, subsequently, one of the stars of the Théâtre Français, as well in the department of tragedy as comedy. His best parts were in the Glorieux of Destouches, and the Captain in the Two Brothers of Kotzebue. In 1796 a red cap was thrown upon the scene, when he played in Lyons. Baptiste formed some good disciples, and became, in 1816, professor at the Ecole Royale de Déclamation.

BAPTISTE, CADET, began his career at the Théâtre Montanius, made some débuts at the Théâtre de la Répub lique, but finally remained at the Français. His Diaforius in the Malade Imaginaire, and the caricature of an Englishman in the Conteur, were some of his prominent parts. After the ninth Thermidor, he was subjected to some unpleasantness by the parterre, which considered him, in conjunction with all other comedians, to be staunch revolu

tionaries. Both the Baptistes died some few years ago.

BAPTISTIN, or BATISTIN, (Jean Baptiste Stuck,) a virtuoso and music composer of the beginning of the last century, born at Florence of a German family. He introduced the violoncello into France, and for his skill on this instrument received a pension from Louis XIV. He composed several operas and cantatas, which were once in great repute. (Biog. Univ.)

BAQUOY. The name of a family of French engravers: the most remarkable

were,

1. Jean Baquoy, known by some good plates he executed for the 4to edition of Ovid.

2. Pierre Charles, his son, born at Paris in 1760, and instructed in the art by his father, exhibited great talents at an early age, and attained afterwards a very extensive reputation. He engraved the plates for the 8vo edition of Racine; those (after designs by Myris) for the Histoire Romaine, 4to; and some beautiful vignettes for the works of Delille and Berchoux. Among his single plates, the most remarkable are, Fenelon assisting the Wounded Soldiers, and the Martyrdom of St. Gervais and Protais (his chef-d'œuvre). He also engraved some subjects for the Musée Robillard. He died at Paris in 1829. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAR, (François de,) a French monk, born in 1538, chosen, in 1574, grand prior of the Benedictine abbey of Anchin on the Scarpe. He was a man of great erudition, and profoundly skilled in ecclesiastical history. He published nothing; but his works, in 13 volumes, folio, in MS., formerly preserved in the library of Anchin, are now in the library at Douai. He died in 1606. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAR, (Nicolas de,) a painter of the seventeenth century, whose family came from the district of Bar, and who was said to be descended from the family of the Maid of Orleans. He painted many Virgins. One of his paintings, a St. Sigebert, is at Orleans. De Bar was known in Italy by the name of El Signor Nicoleto. He spent the greater part of his life at Rome. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAR, (Georges Louis, baron de,) a nobleman of Westphalia, born about 1701, who gained considerable reputation among his contemporaries by his compositions in French verse. His writings, which have no great merit, are not now

much known or sought after. He died in 1767. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BAR, (Jean Etienne,) born at Anville in 1748, was an advocate at Thionville at the breaking out of the French revolution, of which he became a zealous advocate. He was elected deputy for the department of the Moselle in the National Convention, and voted for the death of the king. He was sent to the army of the North in 1793, along with Carnot and Duquesnoy. He was subsequently elected secretary of the National Convention. He was also a member of the Conseil des Anciens. In 1800 he was named, by the first consul, president of the tribunal of Thionville. He died in 1801. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BARA, or BARRA, or BARRE, (Johann,) a Dutch painter, designer, and engraver, born about 1570. He worked first in Holland, went then to England, where he died in 1634. He called himself sometimes," sculptor et vitrearum imaginum pictor," and published, from 1598 to 1632, several engravings, which resemble, without equalling, those of Sadeler. His first plate, Susanna in the Bath, signed Barra, 1598, fol. is very rare. His plates are numerous.

BARAGUEY D'HILLIERS, (Louis,) a French general, born at Paris in 1764. He entered the regiment of Alsace as sous-lieutenant in 1784, and was lieutenant of the same regiment in 1791, when he resigned his commission in disapprobation of the proceedings of the revolutionists. He, however, soon after smothered his scruples, and was made captain of a batallion of light infantry in 1792, and soon rose rapidly in the service. He took part in the invasion of the Palatinate and capture of Mayence, at the latter end of 1792. His friendship with Custines involved him, for a time, in the disgrace which fell upon that general; and he afterwards escaped narrowly the vengeance of the sanguinary revolutionary tribunal. In 1735 he again commenced active service, under general Hoche, and in 1796 took part in the campaign of Italy, under Bonaparte, by whose orders he took possession of Bergamo. For his conduct in the Tyrol he received, in 1797, the grade of general of division, and shortly afterwards was employed by Bonaparte to occupy Venice, of which city he was made governor. In 1798 he embarked with Bonaparte in the expedition to Egypt, and was present at the taking of Malta; but being commissioned to carry the news of this event to

France, Baraguey, with the ship (La Sensible) containing the plunder of Malta, fell into the hands of the English. After his return from captivity, he was brought before a court-martial, but was acquitted. When Napoleon had made himself emperor, he appointed Baraguey grand officer of the legion of honour and colonelgeneral of dragoons. He was again made governor of Venice in 1808, and in 1809 served in Italy and Hungary. He was afterwards employed in suppressing the insurrection of the Tyrol under Hofer. In 1811 he was employed in Spain; and in 1812 he went with the grande armée to Russia. In the famous retreat, he was nearly surrounded by the enemy, and a part of his division was obliged to capitulate, which so irritated the emperor, who was smarting under his other reverses, that he suspended him from his functions, and ordered him to repair again to France to be judged by a courtmartial; but he died at Berlin, on his way home, in December, 1812. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BARAHONA, (Frater Petrus de, Valdevieso,) born either in Madrid or Villahermosa, and admitted a friar at the latter convent in 1575. He became subsequently a professor of moral theology, and a very celebrated preacher. He wrote, amongst other things, De Arcano verbo, sive de vivo Dei sermone, Madr. 1595; Tratado sobre el Ave Maria, Salam. 1596, 4to. He died somewhere after the year 1606. (Waddingus. Salazar hist. provinciæ Castellæ ord. minorum.)

BARAHONA, (Antonius de,) born, most probably at Bacza in Spain, and flourished about 1550. He was nephew of Petrus de Gratia Dei, the herald of Charles V., and having succeeded to that office himself, he published Vergel de Nobleza, or Rosal de Nobleza. A MS. of his, De Linages, y notizia de Bacza, is also much praised. He is also reputed the author of the work, Tratado de Sta. Eufemia Martyr Castulonense. (Gundis, Argote de Molina de la Nobleza de la Andalucia. Joannes Bilches, de Sanct.)

BARAILON, (Jean François,) a French physician, very active in the political changes during the revolution. He was born at Viersat in Auvergne, in 1743, and studied at Montpelier, where he took the grade of doctor in 1765. He distinguished himself much both as a physician and as an antiquary, and in the different functions with which he was charged effected many sanitary improve

ments in his native district, and in the Bourbonnois. In 1792 he was elected deputy to the National Convention for the department of the Creuse. His name was on the list of persons proscribed in 1793, and he only escaped by the urgent intervention of an intimate friend. He was silent during the reign of terror; but after the 9th Thermidor he again showed himself very active, and was particularly busy in all measures connected with medicine, literature, or education. He opposed the measures which brought about the 18th Brumaire; yet he was elected president of the new legislative body in 1801. In 1806 he retired to Charbon, where he occupied himself with medical practice and the study of antiquities. His principal archæological work was published in an 8vo volume, Paris, 1806, under the title, Recherches sur les Peuples Cambiovicenses de la Carte Théodosienne, dite de Peutinger; sur l'Ancienne Ville Romaine de Neris; sur les Ruines de plusieurs autres Villes Romaines de l'Ancien Berry; sur divers Monuments Celtiques; sur les Ruines et les Monuments de la Ville Celtique de Toull; sur les premiers Ouvrages de Tuilerie et de Briqueterie. His medical works are not now of much importance; they are enumerated in the Supplement to the Biog, Univ.

BARAK, (surnamed Al-Hadjib, or the Chamberlain, from his having held that office at the court of Kharizm,) the founder of a dynasty which ruled for about eighty years in Kerman; called by oriental historians the Kara-Khitayans, from Barak having been a native of Kara-Khitai, or Northern Tartary. He had been sent as an ambassador from the Moguls to sultan Mohammed of Kharizm, who was so struck by his ta lents and capacity, that he retained him at his court as Hadjib ; but the jealousy of the vizier obliged him to consult his safety by flight, and after various adventures he raised himself to the independent sovereignty of Kerman, A.D. 1224, (A.H. 621.) He gained the friendship of sultan Jelal-ed-Deen, the son and successor of Mohammed, who gave him his mother in marriage; some writers, with less probability, state that it was the mother of Mohammed who became the wife of Barak. He died A.D. 1235, (A.H. 632,) and was succeeded in his principality by his son Mubarik. (D'Herbefot. De Guignes.)

BARAK KHAN, or BARAK-OGLAN KHAN, a prince of the Zagatai branch

of the house of Jenghiz, from whom he was fifth in descent. He ascended the throne of Zagatai about A.d. 1260, (a.h. 658,) on the deposition of his relative Caidu, who had usurped it after the death of Algou. In 1263 he made public profession of the Mohammedan faith, being the first of his family who had done so; assuming at the same time the Moslem title of sultan Telal-ed-Deen. In 1268 he crossed the Oxus, at the head of 100,000 horse, to attempt the conquest of Persia, then ruled by Abaka-Khan, the representative of another branch of the descendants of Jenghiz: in the first campaign he overran Khorassan without opposition, but was signally defeated the following year, near Herat, by Abaka in person, and escaped, with only a few followers, across the Oxus. He died in 1270. (D'Herbelot. De Guignes.)

BARANOV, (Alexander Andreevitch,) the first governor of the Russian possessions on the north-west coast of America, was originally a merchant trading in eastern Siberia, when at the instigation of Shelikhov, who was then just returned from America, where he had made himself master of the island of Kadyak, he was induced to proceed thither for the purpose of managing that newly acquired territory. He accordingly sailed from Europe in August 1790, but was shipwrecked near Unalashka, and nearly two years elapsed before he reached the place of his destination. When once arrived there, however, he showed himself most prompt and indefatigable in carrying out Shelikhov's plans, and in engaging the natives of Cook's Inlet and Prince William's Sound to enter into an extensive trading in furs with Russia, and to acknowledge themselves a dependency of that empire. In_1796 he founded a trading colony at Behring's Straits, and in 1799 took possession of the large island of Sitkhy. Most formidable were the various difficulties and disasters attending these undertakings, partly owing to the want of proper vessels and navigators for them, and to his being forced to rely almost entirely upon his own skill and exertions; and partly to the severity of the elements, and to the hostility shown him by the natives. Nevertheless his firmness and perseverance proved superior to all obstacles.

His important services at length obtained for him the notice and protection of the Russian American Company, and also the rank of nobility from the emperor Alexander. The grateful joy he

felt at receiving intelligence of this last circumstance was, however, greatly danped by the recent loss of the fortress of the island of Sitkhy; when the arrival of the ship Neva, commanded by Capt. Lisiansky, enabled him to recover that island in October 1804. This being accomplished, he established an extensive factory there, and began to trade with foreign merchants and vessels, through whose means he ultimately entered into regular commercial intercourse with Canton, Manilla, Boston, New York, California, and the Sandwich Islands. He afterwards sent out a trading expedition to California, and there founded a small colony near the Spanish port of S. Francisco. At last, finding himself unequal to discharge his laborious duties with his former assiduity, he solicited the Russian government to appoint some one to succeed him; but, owing to circumstances, several years elapsed before he could quit America; for Koch, who was the first sent out as his successor, died in Kamtshatka in 1810; and the second, Bornovolokov, was shipwrecked and drowned just as his vessel reached harbour at Sitkhy, in 1814. Baranov was therefore obliged to remain until 1818, when captain Hogemeister arrived in the ship Kutusov, and Baranov took his departure from America by the same vessel, in the month of October of that year. He was not, however, destined to revisit his native land, for the ship touched at Batavia in the island of Java, whose deadly climate proved fatal to him. On the fourth day after quitting Java, (April 16-28, 1819,) he died on board ship, at the age of seventy-three, and his remains found their resting-place in the waters of the Indian ocean.

During the twenty-eight years that Baranov remained in North America, he not only greatly extended the territorial pcssessions of Russia there, but conferred upon them great commercial importance; the trade with the mother-country alone amounting at last to upwards of twenty millions of rubles; and what is not least of all remarkable, his unwearied exertions appear to have been prompted solely by motives of patriotism, since he did not care to amass, as he easily might have done, any wealth for himself. From the charge of ambition he cannot be so easily acquitted, but then his ambition was of that kind which ennobles human nature, and voluntarily submits to unremitted toil and severe privations for the benefit of others. Davidov, Rezanov,

and other voyagers, have spoken of Baranov in terms of the highest admiration, as a man of very extraordinary qualities, and one whose memory will be gratefully treasured by posterity. (Entz. Leks.) BARANOVITCH, (Lazar,) archbishop of Tchernigov, was a native of White Russia, and was educated at Kiev, where he became rector of the academy in 1650, which office he filled till 1655. In March 1657 he was made bishop, and in October 1668 archbishop of Tchernigov, in which city he died in 1693. Distinguished by his talents and learning, Baranovitch was still more so by the zeal with which he defended the Greco-Russian church and its doctrines against the Polish Jesuits, who were then attacking them. The popularity and influence he thus acquired were so great that, at the time of an insurrection of the Zaporoghetz Kosaks (1669), he was the main cause of the rebels returning to their allegiance to the tzar Alexis Mikhaelovitch. His writings, consisting chiefly of religious and doctrinal pieces, are for the most part in the Polish language; but he also composed several poems, the principal one of which is that printed at Kiev in 1674, entitled Platch, &c., or Lamentation on the Decease of Alexis Mikhaelovitch, and Welcome of his Successor Pheodor Alexijevitch. There is also a poem in the Polish language by him, on the Changes and Reverses of Human Life, Tchernigov, 1678. (Strauss. Entz. Leks.)

BARANOWSKI, or BARANOVIUS. The name of two Polish writers.

Albert, who was successively bishop of Przemisl and of Wladislas, and archbishop of Gnéne, died in 1615, and published the constitutions and proceedings of several Polish synods held in his time.

Stanislas of Rzeplin, a Polish gentleman in the seventeenth century, continued, in the Polish language, the Insignia Facinoraque præclara Nobilitatis Polonicæ of Bartholomew Paproz, to the year 1635. His book is preserved in MS. (Biog. Univ.)

BARANTE, (Claude Ignace Brugière de,) a French writer, born at Riom in 1755. After being persecuted under the reign of terror, he was appointed, in 1800, prefect of Carcasconne, and two years after, Bonaparte appointed him to the same dignity at Geneva, then reduced to a dependence on France. He was, however, too conscientious to satisfy his employer, and he had rendered himself particularly obnoxious to Bonaparte by his correspondence with Madame de

K