under Stephan Lossontzi; when that fortress capitulated to the Turks, their commander, the cruel Achmet bashaw, kept him prisoner, contrary to the articles of capitulation; and when the bashaw of Silistria, a christian renegade, attempted to set him at liberty, Achmet mutilated him so that he died of his wounds.

BATTYANY, (Prince Charles,) was born in 1697, of a noble Hungarian family. He served first in the war against the Turks, accompanied the Austrian embassy to Constantinople, and afterwards was present in the last campaigns of prince Eugene on the Rhine, and the last Turkish wars of the emperor Charles VI. By the latter he was appointed privy counsellor in 1740, and by Maria Theresa, ban of Croatia, a dignity which his father also had held. He took an active part in the war of the Austrian succession, and by his victories was the main cause of the peace which was effected in 1745. He afterwards commanded on the Rhine and in the Netherlands, with various success, but invariable reputation; and was appointed tutor of the prince Joseph, afterwards the emperor Joseph II., a post which he resigned in 1763 from his age and infirmities. These did not, however, hinder him from marrying (for the third time) in 1767. He died in 1772, leaving behind him an immense fortune, a small part of which he bequeathed to his regiment, and the rest to his nephews.

Ignatz, was born at Nemet Ujvar, a village belonging to the family of Battyany in 1741. After studying at Pest and Tyrnau, he entered himself on the list of priests in the archbishopric of Gran, and was named abbot of the monastery of St. George, at Yak, before he had finished his theological studies, for the furtherance of which he was sent to the Collegium Apollinare at Rome, where he was also appointed librarian. At his return, finding no ecclesiastical post vacant in the diocese of Gran, he visited the count bishop Charles Esterhazy von Galantha, at Erlau, to prepare himself, under his direction, for a higher office in the church, and while there, was presented with a vacant prebend. Here also, in 1779, he wrote a defence of the genuineness of king Stephen the First's Charter to the abbey of St. Martin de Monte Pannonio, against the celebrated Gottfried Schwartz, who, however, had the best of the argument. He also, by his contributions towards the expenses of printing, forwarded the publication of

the church history of John Molnár. In 1780 he was chosen bishop of Transylvania, receiving at the same time other ecclesiastical and civil appointments; in 1781 he published Norma Vitæ Clericalis, Albæ Carolina; and in 1784, Advice to Clergymen on Visiting the Sick. He was a diligent student of antiquities, especially those of his native country, in furtherance of which study he published Leges Ecclesiastica Hungariæ et Provinciarum eidem adnexarum, of which the first part was printed at Karlsburg in 1785; the second at his own press at Klausenburg; and the third is still in MS., Acta et Scripta S. Gerardi Episcopi Csanádiensis, hactenus inedita cum Serie Episcorum Csanádiensium Albæ Carolinæ, 1790; and left in MS. Dissertationes de Rebus Gestis inter Ferdinandum et

Johannem Sigismundum Zápolya Regem, Isabellam Reginam, ac Cardinalem Georgium Martinusium Episcopum MagnoVaradiensem, ejusque cæde in Alvinez. He also founded an observatory at Carlsburg, but died in the same year that this was finished in 1798.

BATTYANY, (Joseph Graf von,) was born at Vienna in 1727; received clerical ordination at Presburg in 1751; was prebend at Gran in 1752, was successively provost of the collegiate foundations of Steinamerger and Presburg; in 1759 bishop of Transylvania; in 1760 archbishop of Colvesa; in 1776 primate of Hungary, and archbishop of Gran; and in 1778 cardinal. In the most critical periods of his country's history, which occurred during his life, he was an unwearied mediator and pacificator. He closed an active life of seventy-three years at Presburg, in 1799. (Ersch und Gruber.)

BATU, or BAATU, son of Toushi, and grandson of Jenghiz-Khan; succeeded his father, (who died before Jenghiz,) A. D. 1223, (A. H. 620,) in the Khanate of Kapchak, comprehending all the Mogul conquests to the westward of the Caspian. The beginning of his reign was signalized by an invasion of Russia, in which the combined forces of the Russians and Comans were overthrown in a great battle on the river Kalka; but Batu was recalled to join the grand khan Oktai in the conquest of China, and the subjugation of Russia was deferred till 1235, when he returned at the head of 500,000 men, and in five years had overwhelmed in succession all the principalities into which Russia was then divided; the city of Wladimir, the capital of the Moscow

territory, was taken in 1238, and given up to fire and sword; Kiow shared the same fate in 1240, and Russia fell for 250 years under the supremacy of the Golden Horde, as the residence of the khans of Kapchak was termed. In 1241, the Moguls appeared in Poland, gained a great victory at Liegnitz over the Poles and Teutonic knights, and after destroying Cracow, Lublin, and Warsaw, turned aside into Hungary, which was utterly devastated in three year, (see BELA ;) but their permanent conquests did not extend beyond Russia. The journal of the monk Plancarpin, who was sent to the court of Batu in 1246 by Innocent IV., in the vain hope of converting the Mogul chief to Christianity, presents a curious picture of the manners of a nation to which the greatest part of the known world was at that time subject. The death of Batu took place a. D. 1255, (A. H. 653,)" dans la ville de Cocorda," (says De Guignes,) "qui nous est inconnue;" probably Ak-Oorda, or the White Horde, one of the Mogul settlements on the Volga. He was succeeded in his dominions, though he left three sons, by his brother Barkah. Batu is sometimes mentioned by the title of Sagin, or Sain Khan. (D'Herbelot. De Guignes. Tooke's History of Russia. Murray's Asiatic Discoveries. Gibbon, ch. 64.)

BATUTA, (Abu-Abdallah Mohammed Ebn Abdallah Ebn Batuta,) a Moorish traveller of the fourteenth century, and perhaps the most remarkable, in the extent of his journeys by land, whose travels are now known. He was a native of Tangier, (whence he is sometimes surnamed Al-Tandji,) and commenced his wanderings A.D. 1324 (a. H. 725), proceeding by Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, to Alexandria and Cairo, and afterwards to Upper Egypt: the following year, after visiting nearly every part of Syria, Jerusalem, Aleppo, Antioch, &c., he accompanied the pilgrim caravan to Mekka, where he performed the Hadj. Thence he proceeded to Basra, and after consuming two years in a tour through Western Persia, by Bagdad, Isfahan, &c., returned in 1328 to Mekka, where he resided a year; in 1332 he again revisited the holy city, having employed the interval in examining nearly the whole of the maritime provinces of Arabia, as well as the districts of Persia bordering on the Persian Gulf, and the African coast of Zanguebar, as far as Mombaza. His wanderings now took a northward direction; again traversing

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Egypt and Syria, he entered Anatolia, and visited, in succession, nearly all the ten principalities into which that country had been subdivided after the fall of the Seljookian monarchy, and among them Brusa, then the cradle of the infant power of the Ottomans. Crossing the Black Sea from Sinope to the Krim, then part of the great Tartar empire of Kapchak, he presented himself at the court of the khan, and availed himself of the visit of a Tartar princess to Constantinople to repair in her train to that imperial city, crossing on the route the country of the Russians, whom he describes as an ugly and treacherous race of Christians, with red hair and blue eyes." From Constantinople he returned to Kapchak, and travelling from Astrakhan through the desert, round the northern extremity of the Caspian, arrived at Khwarism, or Khiva; thence passing through Bokhara, Samarkand, and Herat, and crossing the snowy range of the Hindoo-Koosh, he traversed Afghanistan and the Punjab, and reached Delhi, then under the fierce sway of sultan Mohammed Toghlik, a. d. 1339, (a. H. 740.) The learning and accomplishments of Ebn Batuta gave him great favour in the sight of the tyrant, who appointed him chief judge of the capital; but his honours were not of long continuance, and after narrowly escaping death by assuming the garb of a derwish, he was glad, on being at length pardoned, to quit Hindostan as ambassador to China. He did not, however, reach that country, but passed into Malabar, and thence sailed to the Maldive islands, where he resided some time, and married. He now set out for China; but after visiting Ceylon, he was compelled by untoward circumstances to return to Malabar, whence he again sailed, and touching at Sumatra, and other islands, at length reached China. Of this country, its wonders, and its mighty capital of Khan-Baligh, or Pekin, he gives a detailed and interesting account. Moslems, he says, were then numerous in China, and by them he was everywhere received with hospitality. In his return from China to the regions of the West, he nearly retraced his former route; passing by sea to Sumatra, Calicut, and thence by Maskat and Ormus to Basra, whence he reached Bagdad A. D. 1347, and travelling thence with a caravan to Damascus and Cairo, performed in the following year his last pilgrimage to Mekka, visited Medinah, and then returned through Egypt and North

ern Africa to his native town of Tangier. But his thirst for travelling was yet far from satiated, and he departed almost immediately for Spain, where he traversed the territories remaining in the hands of the Moslems, and then recrossing the sea into Africa, visited Morocco and Sejelmessa. The vicinity of Soudan, or Nigritia, now tempted our adventurous traveller; in a. D. 1352, (a. H. 753,) he crossed the Zahara with the slave-trading caravans, and reached the far-famed Niger, which he considers as identical with the Nile of Egypt; an hypothesis, which the discoveries of Lander have only recently confuted. The cities of Tombuctoo and Kouka, of which we owe to Ebn Batuta the earliest notice extant, seem to have been the term of his peregrinations. He returned a. D. 1353, (A. H. 754,) to his native country, and arriving at Fez, "I finished my travels, and took up my residence there; may God be praised." Such is a brief outline of the route pursued by this most indefatigable of pilgrims; for a hadji, or pilgrim, he in fact was through nearly the whole of his wanderings, as he quitted his home for the purpose of performing the stated duties at the holy cities, but did not accomplish till his fourth and last visit, in 1348, the journey from Mekka to Mount Ararat, necessary for the completion of the hadj. In the course of his thirty years' travel, he visited nearly every separate sovereignty throughout the wide extent of the Moslem world, from Kashgar to the Negro kingdoms of Soudan; besides Constantinople, the Hindoo states of India, the Indian islands, and China; and the juncture at which he travelled adds peculiar value to his observations. The Mamluke empire in Egypt and Syria, then ruled by Nasser-Mohammed, the greatest of the Baharite sultans, ranked first among Moslem kingdoms; while of the various monarchies founded throughout Asia by the descendants of Jenghiz-Khan, the semi-European khanat of Kapchak, alone was erect and powerful; the descendants of Hulaku in Persia were disappearing, and Batuta himself witnessed in China the civil war which preceded the expulsion of the race of Kublai-Khan by the dynasty of the Mim. In India, the revolt of the Dekkan, caused by the tyranny of Mohammed Toghlik, had commenced that dismemberment of the monarchy, which paved the way for its devastation in 1398 by Timour, and its conquest a century later by his descendants; but while the

existing dynasties were thus tottering throughout Eastern Asia, the house of Othman, in the western angle of Anatolia, was silently attaining a degree of solid power before which not only the decrepit Greek empire, and the petty Moslem princes of Asia Minor, but even the potent fabric of the Mamluke dominion were destined at no distant period to fall. The existing condition of all these states, and the manners of the people, are described by Ibn Batuta with an accuracy of detail and observation, and a perspicuous simplicity of language, which contrast favourably with the loose and florid diction, and vague magniloquence as to facts, which so frequently characterise oriental narrations; and if in recording the rumoured wonders of the countries which he traversed, and still more in relating the miracles said to have been performed even in his presence by the Moslem saints, he betrays an extent of credulity which in these times appears extraordinary, it should be remembered that such easiness of faith pervaded in that age alike the minds of the learned and the ignorant, and that every relation of travels contained undoubting narratives of marvels far exceeding those of the Moorish pilgrim. Of the rank in life, or private history of our author, we have no direct account; but the whole tenor of his narrative, as well as his appointment to the rank of cadhi at Delhi, show him to have been deeply versed in the law and divinity of the Moslems; and the distinguished reception which he everywhere met with, both in the courts of princes, and the societies of the learned, indicate that he was a personage of considerable reputation. His great work on his Travels is not yet to be found in any of the European libraries. Mr. Burckhardt heard of a copy at Cairo, but could not obtain it; and another was said to exist in the library of the well-known Hussain D'Ghies, of Tripoli; but there are two different abridgements extant in Arabic, three copies of one of which were bequeathed by Mr. Burckhardt to the university library at Cambridge, and from these an excellent translation, enriched with copious explanatory notes and references, was made by professor Lee, and published by the Oriental Translation Society, (London, 4to, 1829.) A Latin version had been previously published by Kosegarten, (Jena, 1818,) entitled, De Muhammede Ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano ejusque litineribus-Commentatio

Academica; and a Latin translation of his Account of Malabar only was published at the same place by M. Apetz, in 1819. (See also Burckhardt's Travels in Nubia. Appendix, No. iii.)

BATZ, (Manaud baron de,) one of the four warriors who saved the life of Henri IV. of France, in 1577, when he was on the point of being assassinated by the garrison of Gause. Henri's letters to Batz have been printed at Paris. His descendant,

Jean baron de Batz, born in 1760, a faithful adherent to the unfortunate Louis XVI., is celebrated in the history of the French revolution for his well-concerted conspiracies to save the royal family. He first attempted to carry off the king, as he was conducted to the scaffold, and, though he failed, he himself escaped. He then formed a plan to deliver Louis XVII., Marie Antoinette, and the princesses, from the temple; but it was accidentally discovered when it was at the point of being executed. Another attempt to deliver the queen from the conciergerie was defeated by mere accident. During the whole period of the reign of terror, though in Paris, and always active, he contrived to elude the vigilance of the police. Under Napoleon he was allowed to remain in France unmolested. At the restoration he was made a maréchal-de-camp, and received some other honours; but he chose to live in retirement, and died in 1822. He published a few tracts, chiefly relating to his move ments in the revolution. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BATZ, (John Frederic,) doctor of philosophy and theology, was born at Bamberg, in 1770, and so distinguished himself during his academic course from all his contemporaries, that he was chosen teacher of ecclesiastical history in his twenty-fourth year, and filled several other important offices, principally connected with the improvement of the system of public education, before he was thirty. By the new arrangements in this department, under the imperial Bavarian government in 1804, conceiving that he had been neglected, he asked, and obtained, in 1805, the vacant living of Baunach, where he ended his days two years afterwards. His larger and smaller works, for instruction in the christian religion, met with much opposition; in spite of which, however, they passed through thirteen editions, besides one in which they were adapted to the Protestant religion.

BATZ, (Johann Joseph,) brother of the preceding, was born in 1775. After exhibiting the highest attainments in philosophy and theology, he was created professor of the former, and superintendent of the Marian establishment for students, in the twenty-second year of his age. The delicacy of his constitution did not correspond, however, with the vigour of his mind, and in 1806 he was obliged to exchange the professorship of philosophy for the less laborious one of theology. The result of his studies in this branch, which were curious and important, he published in a periodical, conducted by himself, chiefly on theological subjects, begun in 1809. His Harmony of the last Imperial Bavarian Regulations concerning divorce with Scripture and Tradition drew upon him much persecution. In 1811 he undertook the cure of Bühl, in the division of Lauf, where he died in 1813.

BAUDART, (Wilhelm,) one of the Dutch translators of the Bible, and preacher at Zutphen, died in this city in 1640, seventy-six years old. His parents left Flanders on account of religious persecutions, and settled first at Cologne, which was then a great resort of the protestants, and afterwards at Embden. He was a zealous defender of the Calvinists, both against the Catholics and the Remonstrants, or Arminians, the latter of whom he handles very severely in his grand historical work, Remarkable Memorials for Ecclesiastical and Political History, written in Dutch, and embracing from 1603 to 1624. Of the years up to 1612, nothing is related except what bears immediately upon ecclesiastical history; but the later portion embraces events from the general history not only of the Netherlands, but of the rest of Europe. On account of his knowledge of Hebrew, he was named by the synod of Dort, along with Bucer and Bogerman, for the translation of the Old Testament. He wrote also Horologium Belgicum, or an Alarum for the Netherlands, containing an account of the Spanish cruelties; a portrait of Queen Elizabeth; and a representation and description of all the battles, sieges, and events, in the Netherlands, during the Spanish war, from 1589 to 1614, with 285 copper plates. (Ersch und Gruber.)

BAUDEAU, (Nicolas,) one of the earlier writers on political economy, born at Amboise in 1730. Being made a canon of Chacelode, he there professed theology, when the archbishop of Paris

called him to that city for some affairs. Here he formed several intimate acquaintances with political economists, especially with the elder Mirabeau. He published a number of works on that science, amongst which the most important was the journal entitled Ephémérides du Citoyen. He went subsequently to Poland, and died of an alienation of mind in 1792. (Biogr. des Contemp.)

BAUDELOCQUE, (John Lewis,) a celebrated accoucheur, was born at Heilly in Picardy, in the department of La Somme in 1746. He was the son of an eminent surgeon, and received the rudiments of his professional education from the instruction of his father. He then went to Paris, and devoted himself to midwifery, surgery, and anatomy. He so distinguished himself as to obtain the first prize given in the practical school, and was afterwards attached to the Hôpital de la Charité for several years. Whilst a pupil he was engaged to finish a course of lectures then delivering by a celebrated professor, Solayrès, who was attacked by a severe illness and loss of voice. Baudelocque executed this unexpected task with so much ability, that he was the next year placed among the professors. In 1776 he was admitted into the College of Surgery, of which, in a short time, he was appointed one of the council, and upon the restoration of the learned corporations, Baudelocque had assigned to him the chair of midwifery in the School of Health, formed by the Society of Medicine, and the Academy of Surgery. He held this appointment until his decease. He was also chosen principal surgeon to the Maternity Hospital, in which not less than from 1800 to 2000 accouchemens annually took place. No man, perhaps, ever enjoyed more extensive practice, and no one ever laboured with more assiduity to diffuse the information he had obtained. Various foreign academies testified their approbation of his talents, by enrolling him in their associations. He was the chief accoucheur in Paris, and he gained the confidence of the queens of Holland and Naples, the grand duchess of Berry, and of the empress Maria Louisa. His success excited the envy of some of his contemporaries, and he was engaged in controversies with Sacombe and Alphonse Le Roy; the former attacked his honour, and was visited with punishment in a court of justice to which Baudelocque felt it necessary to appeal. He did much to advance the knowledge of his parti

cular department, and has greatly simplified the practice. He published many memoirs in the transactions of the various medical institutions, and his works have received the approbation of the first practitioners in different countries. He died May 1, 1810, and the following works from his pen may be here enumerated: An in Partu propter angustiam Pelvis impossibili, Symphysis Ossium Pubis secanda? Paris, 1776, 4to; Principes de l'Art des Accouchemens, par Demandes et par Responses, en Faveur des Elèves Sage-Femmes, Paris, 1775, 12mo; ib. 1806; ib. 1812. This was translated into German by C. F. Cammerer, Tubingen, 1780, 8vo. L'Art des Accouchemens, Paris, 1781, 2 vols, 8vo; and again in 1789, 1796, 1807 and 1815. It was translated into German by P. F. T. Meckel, Leips. 1791–1794, and again in 1801, 2 vols, 8vo.

BAUDELOT DE DAIRVAL, (Charles César,) a celebrated French antiquary, of the beginning of the last century. After having exercised, with success, for some time, the profession of advocate, he was led by accident to quit it, in order to devote himself to the study of antiquities. In 1686 he published a book, De l'Utilité des Voyages, which obtained for him the acquaintance of the most celebrated antiquaries of England, Holland, and Germany. After the death of Thevenot, his collections were purchased by Baudelot, who, on his death in 1722, left them with his own collections to the Académie des Inscriptions, of which he had been a member. A list of his works will be found in Niceron. (Biog. Univ.)

BAUDER, (Johann Friedrich,) born in 1711 at Hersbruck in Nuremburg, at first a merchant of iron, wine, and hops, afterwards first burgomaster in Altdorf, and finally commercial counsellor of the Palatinate; wrote a Discovery and Description of various kinds of Marble and of Petrifactions in the district of Altdorf, (1754 and following years,) and a Treatise on the Cultivation of the Hop, 1776, 4to, 1795. He also began an establishment for the working of the different kinds of marble. He died in 1791. (Ersch und Gruber.)

BAUDERON, (Brice,) a French physician, was born at Paray, in the department of the Saône and Loire, in 1539, studied medicine, and took his doctor's degree at Montpelier. He was established in practice at Mâcon for fifty years, and acquired much reputation and a large fortune. He suffered much from an