The Morphology of Pteridophytes: The Structure of Ferns and Allied Plants

adaxial aerial axes annulus antheridia antherozoids apical cell archegonium arranged axis Botrychium bracts canal cell Carboniferous cells thick Christensenia chromosome cm long cone cortex creeping dehiscence Devonian diameter dichotomous dictyostele divisions embryo endodermis Equisetum erect evolution ferns fertile appendages Filicales fossil frond gametophyte genera genus gives rise heterosporous illustrated in Fig indusium internodal Isoetes known lamina large numbers lateral branches leaf bases leaf traces leaves Lepidodendrales leptosporangiate ligule Lycopodium Marattiales medullated megasporangium megaspores metaxylem microspores morphologists mycorrhizal occur Ophioglossum organs outer parenchyma petiole phloem pinna pinnules pith plants primary wood primitive prothalli prothallus protostele protoxylem Psilotum pteridophytes region represented rhizoids rhizome Rhynia root scalariform secondary wood Selaginella selago similar single solenostele sori sorus species Sphenophyllales spiral sporangia sporangiophores sporangium sporangium wall spores sporocarp sporophylls stages stelar stele stem apex sterile stomata strand structure suspensor thickening tissue Tmesipteris tracheids transverse section trunk Upper vascular bundle whorls xylem zygote